Best Cancer Treatment Hospital in Delhi, India

BLK-Max Cancer Centre is one of the most well-known lung cancer centres in Delhi and continues the tradition of cutting-edge patient care with its multidisciplinary approach to treating cancer. We at BLK-Max provide state-of-the-art care for lung cancer and staff with team nudges combining the collective wisdom of oncologists, surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists and pathologists. Our Thoracic Cancer team has extensive experience in treating both early stages as well as complex cases of lung cancer. Our specialists have pioneered techniques that have become the template for the optimal treatment of lung cancers in Delhi. With advanced knowledge and experience in handling complex chest wall, mediastinal and superior sulcus tumours our surgical oncologists use state-of-the-art diagnostics like VATS/mediastinoscopy to quickly assess your cancer, incorporating radical CT+RT and complex reconstructive approaches.

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The Head and Neck Cancer Programme aims to maximise the quality of life of the patients through various endoscopic procedures, major and minor resections, organ preservation surgeries, as well as complex reconstructions, including free flaps. Programme Highlights are Multiple treatment approaches for Head and Neck Cancer focus on preserving function, appearance and achieving positive outcomes. Minimally Invasive Surgery wherever possible, e.g. Endoscopic Laser Laryngeal Surgery. Advanced Radiation Therapy and chemotherapy-radiation approaches that limit toxicity and improve results. Skull Base Surgery, Endoscopic or open, is performed by highly experienced head and neck surgeons teams that work closely together with Neurosurgeons and Radiation Oncologists.

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The Thoracic Cancer Programme offers treatment options for both early stage as well as complex cases of Lung Cancer. Specialists at the Centre use state-of-the-art diagnostics like VATS / Mediastinoscopy for timely detection of cancer. With advanced knowledge about the genetic make-up of tumour types, the expert team at the Centre can provide personalised treatment plans offering greater chances of cure with minimal risks. The Surgical Oncologist team has specialised experience in handling complex Chest Wall, Mediastinal and Superior Sulcus Tumours, incorporating Radical CT+RT and complex reconstructive approaches, complex Lung Resection, Tracheal Resection, Sleeve Lobectomies, Chest Wall Resection, Mediastinal Tumours and Diaphragm Resection.

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Breast Cancer is a form of cancer that develops due to the uncontrolled growth of the cells of the breasts. It is one of the most prominent forms of cancer majorly found in women, but can also occur in men. The Breast Cancer Programme at BLK-Max Cancer Centre offers varied Breast surgeries, including Radical Resections, Breast Conservations, and a variety of Breast Reconstructions involving Sentinel Lymph Node Techniques. Programme Highlights of Breast Cancer The programme consists of a multi-team care approach for each patient by nationally recognised experts working together in a collaborative manner. Superior Diagnostic Capabilities of Breast Cancer Treatment Delhi Digital Mammography Breast Ultrasound 3T Breast MRI Image-guided Breast Core Biopsy PET / CT, Sophisticated Interventional Radiology Procedures (Wire Localisation) and Stereotactic Biopsy Sentinel Node Evaluation (SLNB) using Gamma Probe. Advanced Treatment for Breast Cancer in Delhi Breast Conservation Surgery and Oncoplasty for Complex Primary Tumours Single Dose Intra-operative Radiation Therapy (IORT) and 3D Conformal Partial Breast Irradiation (CPBI) can minimise the radiation treatment duration Skin Sparing Mastectomy which salvages most of the normal skin of the breast with Breast Reconstruction procedures that go beyond Breast Implants or Conventional Tissue Flaps Survivorship Programme for both the patients and family members

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The Thyroid Cancer Programme of BLK-Max Cancer Centre is one of the most well-known programmes in the capital with state-of-the-art facilities to treat most of the complex conditions associated with Thyroid Cancer. A team of highly specialised thyroid cancer doctors & surgeons, oncologists and nursing staff follow a multidisciplinary approach to offer the best cancer care to patients using the latest technology and advanced diagnostics like Laryngoscopy and Fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The Centre uses the latest and most advanced option of Robotic Thyroidectomy to treat cancer cases related to the thyroid by simplifying complex procedures thereby facilitating better cosmetic outcomes.

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At BLK-Max Cancer Centre we have a strong and diverse team of doctors, onco-surgeons and oncologists who are committed to the care and management of patients with urology cancer malignancies. We provide compassionate care and the most effective treatment options for Prostate cancer, Kidney cancer, Testicular cancer and all the other types of rare and common cancers.

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Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer includes all the cancers in your digestive tract organs such as the stomach, large intestine, biliary system, small intestine, pancreas, colon, liver, rectum, and anus. The GI Cancer Programme in Delhi offers a range of surgeries including -Oesophagectomies, Gastric and Liver Resections, Colectomies Surgery, Radical Pancreatic Surgeries, etc. with an unparalleled depth of knowledge, access to innovative research and technology, a caring and compassionate approach, experts at the cancer centre are able to provide each patient with a comprehensive multi-speciality evaluation and a personalised path to the most effective treatment for GI cancer surgery in Delhi. The Centre has extensive treatment expertise for patients with all forms of Gastrointestinal Cancers including Robotic surgeries for Gastric Cancer, Esophageal Cancer, Pancreatic Cancer, Gallbladder Cancer, Colon Cancer, Rectal Cancer, Stomach Cancer, Anus Cancer and Liver Resection.

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Reconstructive Surgery is an important component of comprehensive Cancer Care, and is often an important step for patients in correcting deformities and restoring normal function after Cancer-related treatments. The clinical faculty at the Centre is expert in state-of-the-art microvascular surgical techniques to achieve the best possible outcomes for Reconstructive Surgery pertaining to defects in the head, neck, breast, torso and other extremities. The programme also includes complex Microsurgery Reconstruction involving sarcomas to preserve the limb. With a sizable number of Cancer Reconstruction cases, BLK-Max Reconstructive Surgery Programme has emerged as one of the most comprehensive programmes in North India for Cancer Reconstructive surgeries, especially micro-vascular reconstruction.

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The Sarcoma and Bone Cancer Programme provide the solution to diagnose and treat Bone Cancers such as Soft Tissue Sarcomas, Osteosarcoma, Ewing's Sarcoma and Chondrosarcoma etc. with limb salvage surgery, using customised modular bone &  joint prosthesis and biological grafts. Specialists in Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Prosthetics, also address ‘quality of life’ issues of patients with effective support at each step of the treatment plan. What is Limb Salvage Surgery? Limb Salvage Surgery is a surgical process of removing the damaged or diseased bone in the limb (arm or leg) affected by the malignant tumour, without actually removing the limb. A bone graft is then used to replace the removed bone. This graft can be of three types: Autograft: A bone graft taken from the patient's own body Allograft: A bone graft taken from another person Allo-prosthetic composite: A combination of bone graft and metal implant The goal of the surgery is to help save the use and appearance of the limb with minimal complications while maintaining acceptable functionality of the limb. It is also known as Limb-Sparing Surgery. What are the Indicators for Limb Salvage Surgery? The major indicators that highlight the need for Limb Salvage Surgery are: Used in the treatment of high-grade malignancies of the Proximal Humerus Scapula Clavicle Shoulder and its joints Rotator cuff or glenohumeral joint Periscapular soft tissue What are the Conditions Treated under Limb Salvage Surgery? Some of the major conditions treated under Limb Salvage Surgery are: Peripheral artery disease Traumatic injuries Diabetic foot disease Osteosarcoma Soft tissue sarcoma Bone resorption and fracture Impending fractures in limb Limb fungation Malignancy of joints What are the Steps Required for the Preparation of the Surgery? Inform the doctor about current medication and past medical history so as to prepare for any complication beforehand. Undergo the entire tests including pre-anaesthetic check-up for evaluation of current health condition, before the surgery. Ask a family member to accompany  the patient on the day of surgery. Arrange for crutches or a wheelchair as one might need them after the surgery. Be both physically as well as mentally prepared for the surgery. Do some exercises to help strengthen muscles with the help of a Physiotherapist. What are the Precautions one must Take Before and After the Surgery? The important precautionary measures one must consider before and after the surgery are: Before the surgery One week prior to surgery, refrain from taking medicines such as: Aspirin Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) Avoid eating or drinking anything a night prior to surgery Abstain from drinking alcohol. After the surgery Take follow-up visits with the orthopaedic surgeon every 6 months until full recovery In case of fever, pain, swelling, redness, any discomfort, contact the healthcare provider Take prescribed medicines on time Exercise daily as suggested by the  Physiotherapist to recover  strength and flexibility. Are There any Complications Involved? Surgery in any form comes with some or other kinds of complications. A patient who undergoes Limb Salvage Surgery may experience following complications, such as:Infection at the site of the surgery Pain Swelling Redness Loosening of implants Shifting of implants Breakage of implants Rapid loss of blood flow Loss of sensation in the affected limb Severe blood loss Anaemia These complications are not severe and can be managed easily if a patient takes proper care after surgery.

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The Lymphoma Cancer Programme provides a comprehensive approach to treat cancer & patient care. A collaborative team of Lymphoma Experts in Medical Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Pathology and Radiology offer integrated care for patients including treatment for all sub-types Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Hodgkin's Lymphoma

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We are one of the few cancer centres in the country to offer a comprehensive Paediatric Cancer programme from diagnostic evaluation, and therapy plans to extensive psychological and social support. With specialities such as Paediatric Oncology & Haematology, Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant all under one roof, we strive to provide patients with the best possible treatment plans. The hospital has one of the largest Bone Marrow Transplant centres in Asia, offering autologous bone marrow transplants and allogeneic bone marrow transplants supported by a oncologist, paediatric oncologist & haematologist team of nationally and internationally trained experts, treating a range of diseases pertaining to Haematology, Oncology and Immunology.

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The Gynaecologic Cancer Programme offers expert treatment to patients with Ovarian, Cervical, Endometrial and other cancers of the reproductive system. BLK-Max Cancer Centre is one of the leading centres in the country to provide major Gynaecological Oncology services to women diagnosed with or suspected to have Gynaecological Cancer. A team of dedicated Gynae-Onco Surgeons perform radical surgeries for all Gynaecological Cancers such as: Radical Hysterectomy with Nodal Dissection Staging surgery for Ca Endometrium with Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping Surgical cyto-reduction for advanced Ovarian Cancer including Peritonectomy, Bowel Resection and Anastomosis, Ileostomy /Colostomy, Hepatectomy, Splenectomy, Distal Gastrectomy, Distal Pancreatectomy Exenteration surgeries for recurrent Gynaecological Cancers Radical Vulvectomy with inguinofemoral Lymph Node Dissection Radical Vaginectomy Vulval / Vaginal Plastic Reconstruction using flaps Some of the other services offered at the Unit are: Management of suspicious pelvic masses with intra-operative frozen section analysis Cervical Cancer Screening and Immunisation Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer Screening in high-risk women.

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The Robotic Surgical Programme at BLK-Max Super Speciality Hospital is a part of BLK-Max Cancer Centre. It provides the most advanced cancer robotic surgery techniques and procedures to both adult and paediatric patients suffering from cancer. Robotic Surgery has become a new standard of treatment for many oncological cases, including Head and Neck Cancer, Thorax and Lung Cancer, Thyroid Cancer, Gynaecological Cancer, Gastrointestinal (GI) Cancer and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA), among others. BLK-Max Cancer Centre is well-equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and hosts some of the top robotic cancer surgery specialists in the field of Cancer Robotic Surgery in India. Our team of internationally trained oncologists offers an integrated Robotics Programme for various oncological cases, including robotic surgery treatment in Delhi.

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Biopsy is a procedure of extracting cells or tissues for detailed examination and diagnosis. It is a minimally invasive procedure that is performed by a specialist who is often a radiologist or surgeon. A biopsy can be performed to diagnose the following conditions: Cancers Inflammatory conditions Infections Immunity disorders lymphoproliferative disorders A biopsy can be done on any part of the body. A biopsy is suggested when there is some abnormality of tissues like inflammation, ulcers, swelling, pigmentation, growths or cysts. Types of Biopsy The type of biopsy performed depend on the purpose and the body part to be examined: Shave biopsy Shave biopsy is a procedure of simply scraping some cells off of a skin surface. It is used to check for unusual moles or growths on the skin. Punch biopsy This procedure involves punching and extracting the tissue from suspicious growth or lesion from the affected area for further examination. Excisional or incisional biopsy This type of biopsy is performed using a scalpel, and it is used as a treatment option for certain infections or lesions as well as for diagnosis. Needle biopsy This type of biopsy is used to extract cells from a tumor or to collect fluid for further diagnosis. It is also used to extract from larger masses or solid organs. Endoscopic or laparoscopic biopsy In this type of biopsy, an incision is made on the skin through which an instrument called an endoscope is inserted inside. The endoscope has a camera at the tip of it, which allows the practitioner to see and extract the sample. Perioperative biopsy This type of biopsy is done while another procedure is being done on a patient. Bone marrow biopsy A core needle with a syringe is inserted, usually in the spine, to extract a sample of bone marrow to check for cancer or other infections in the body. Preparation Before Biopsy Your doctor will guide you with the standard protocol. Here is what the preparation for a biopsy involves: Discuss your medical history with your doctor. Talk to them about any recent illness or surgery if there was any. Talk to the doctor about your daily supplements and medications if any. While most regular medications are permitted, they might ask you to stop some. Inform your doctor about your allergies to medications if you have any. Let your doctor know if you are pregnant. Certain procedures, especially endoscopy, are not suggested during pregnancy to avoid exposure to radiation. Ask your doctor about your diet and fluid intake before the procedure. Finally, before they begin the procedure, your doctor will walk you through the procedure. How is a biopsy performed? A biopsy is a comparatively simple and noninvasive procedure as compared to typical surgeries. A noninvasive type of biopsy can be performed in a clinic on an outpatient basis. In the case of breast cancer diagnosis, needle biopsies are done in cancer institutions without sedatives. The doctors keep you informed and guide you throughout the procedure. In the case of a core needle biopsy, you may have to stay in the hospital facility for a day or a few hours. It is usually done under image guidance, the practitioner will advise an IV or intravenous line to administer medications. Depending on the type of biopsy, they may also administer a sedative before the procedure. For proliferative growths → punch biopics can be performed for ulceroinfiltrative lesion lesions at incision biopsy can be performed. Recovery After Biopsy Biopsies being minimally invasive, require a brief recovery period. However, recovery largely depends on the type of biopsy. You might experience some pain and soreness at the site of the procedure for a couple of days. If you experience unbearable pain, your doctor will prescribe some medications. The post-procedure instructions and guidelines differ from case to case. Follow up After Biopsy A biopsy helps your healthcare provider diagnose the abnormal masses or growths on or inside your body. Post diagnosis, the practitioner devices a treatment plan for you. Your interventional radiologist will schedule a follow-up to discuss the reports of your biopsy. If needed, the treatment plan is implemented. The practitioner will guide you with it along with timely follow-ups to keep a track of progress. If at all there arises a complication like bleeding or infection during or after the biopsy, you will need to get it checked and treated by the practitioner. Risks Associated with Biopsy Certain types of biopsies require large incisions and anesthesia as well. Any procedure that includes penetrating the skin comes with chances of infection, which most often needs a course of antibiotic medications to be treated. Other complications include bleeding and accidental injury during the procedure. Related Blogs Bladder Cancer Signs and Treatment Brain Tumour Treatment: What Are The Surgical & Non-Surgical Options? Spinal Cord Tumour - Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments Pancreatic Cancer: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis Small-Cell Lung Cancer vs. Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Unraveling the Differences Cervical Cancer On The Rise: Late-stage Treatment Options What You Need to Know About Cervical Cancer Skin Cancer Treatment: Surgery and its Side Effects Different Stages Of Cervical Cancer And The Available Treatment Options Throat Cancer Symptoms: All You Need to Know Cervical Cancer Symptoms: Recognizing Early Warning Signs A Comprehensive Guide to Stomach Cancer Symptoms: Unravelling the Signs Common Urologic Conditions and Their Surgical Treatment Options

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Following initial cancer treatment, further cancer treatment is administered to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence and to improve the success of first-line treatment. Adjuvant chemotherapy is administered to remove a malignant tumor. Chemotherapy, radiation, hormone treatment, targeted therapy, and biological therapy are all examples of adjuvant therapy. The following cancers are typically treated using adjuvant therapies: Breast cancer Lung cancer Colon cancer. Alternate Name of Adjuvant Chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy is also known as preventive chemotherapy or maintenance therapy. Body Location The location of the tumor in the body. Adjuvant Chemotherapy Procedure Type Depending on the type, treatments can be administered by oral drugs, injections, radiation or more. Preparation for Adjuvant Chemotherapy To avoid feeling too full during your adjuvant chemotherapy treatment, eat small meals 4 to 5 times a day before the operation. The following tests and procedures may be performed before therapy begins: Blood tests X-rays Scans Tests for height and weight Tests to examine your lungs, heart, liver, kidneys HIV Hepatitis tests Other physical examinations Chemotherapy medications can be administered in a variety of ways: Oral chemotherapy drugs These are available in different forms (pills, tablets, capsules, and liquid), all of which can be absorbed by the stomach or beneath the tongue. Subcutaneous injection of chemotherapy treatments The needle enters the gap between the skin and the muscle layer, but does not penetrate all the way to the muscle layer. Intramuscular Chemotherapy Injections Intramuscular injections are injected into the muscle layer through the skin. This requires a bigger needle with greater penetration than a subcutaneous injection. The medicine is absorbed by muscle tissue. Intravenous Chemotherapy Treatments Intravenous therapy medication administration provides for quick entry into the body's circulation, where it is carried throughout the body in the bloodstream. Intraventricular/Intrathecal Chemotherapy When medications need to reach the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, intraventricular or intrathecal chemotherapy is employed. Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Some chemotherapy drugs can be injected directly into the abdominal cavity. Intra-Arterial Chemotherapy Treatments Drugs are injected directly into the artery that feeds the tumor. Adjuvant Chemotherapy Procedure Adjuvant chemotherapy is administered based on a variety of criteria. Your doctor will go over your whole medical history with you and perform a physical examination. They will then look through your test findings, pathology reports, and imaging to come up with a treatment plan for you. Not every cancer patient should receive adjuvant therapy. In adjuvant therapy, one or more of the following treatments may be used: Chemotherapy Hormonal therapy Antibody therapy Radiation therapy Recovery After Adjuvant Chemotherapy To mitigate these side effects, your oncologist will suggest special rehabilitation measures. Anyone who has received chemotherapy should ensure they get the appropriate amount of sleep. If possible, patients should get at least eight hours of sleep. To help induce sleep, recovering patients should refrain from consuming beverages containing caffeine or similar foods for at least eight hours prior to retiring for the night. After chemotherapy, you should also try to manage your stress levels. Reducing stress is one of the most effective methods to unwind and feel at ease. Meditation can assist in clearing the mind and redirecting the patient's attention away from the source of their stress. After a patient finishes chemotherapy, it may take 6 to 12 months to return to a state of normalcy. Follow Up After Adjuvant Chemotherapy To decrease the frequency of taking chemotherapy medications at home, you should observe certain safety measures: Blood pressure and cholesterol tests should be conducted on a regular basis. You need to see your doctor for follow-up appointments every 4 to 6 months for the next 5 years. Take care while using the restroom. Sit down to use the restroom for one week after the treatment. Do not crush, chew, or cut the chemotherapy medication. If you cannot swallow a tablet whole, ask your oncologist or pharmacist if the drugs are available in alternate forms, (i.e., as a liquid). Wash your soiled garments thoroughly in either hot or cold water, and wash other items separately. If you engage in sexual intercourse after a chemotherapy session, use a condom. Store medicines in a secure location, out of reach of youngsters. Pregnancy and breastfeeding should be avoided when receiving chemotherapy. Breastfeeding, especially, is strictly prohibited during chemotherapy. Risks Associated with Adjuvant Chemotherapy Some risks of adjuvant chemotherapy include: Fatigue/tiredness Pain Hair loss Mouth sores Numbness, tingling, nerve pain Bruising and bleeding easily Digestive distress, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. Related Blogs Breast Cancer Causes: Understanding the Risk Factors & Preventions Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment Side Effects, Risks & Benefits What Are The Survival Rates of Lung Cancer in Different Stages? 6 Lifestyle Changes to Improve Life after Breast Cancer Treatment What is Cancer and Its Different Types?

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Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a form of chemotherapy aimed at reducing the cancer tissue's size before surgery by administering specific medication, radiation, or hormones. While earlier it was only used for advanced-stage breast cancer. Today it is used for various other types of cancer such as colon cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer. It provides ease in further treatment and removes any cancerous tissue that may have gone undetected on imaging. Alternate Name of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Pre-operative Chemotherapy Route of Administration (Body Location) Oral, intravenously, or via an injection Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Procedure Type Noninvasive, percutaneous Preparation for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy There is no need to be admitted to the hospital for this procedure. The doctor conducts a full body assessment, with the following tests being performed. Tumor evaluation is done by taking a biopsy or histopathological methods to confirm the cancer type and diagnosis. Imaging - This includes using ultrasounds and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to defect the extent of spread and stage of cancer. Lymph node evaluation - to check for local and distant metastasis or spread of cancer. There are no dietary limitations in this procedure except that the patient is regularly asked to maintain a healthy balanced diet. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Procedure During neoadjuvant chemotherapy, anti-cancer medication is administered via the abovementioned routes. This occurs in cycles lasting up to 3-6 months with rest periods in between. The oncologist decides the mode of drug delivery and duration of the procedure based on the location and severity of the cancer. This could occur in the doctor's office or even at the patient's home. This process is done before moving on to the next major step in treatment, such as surgery to remove the cancerous tissue from one's body. Some commonly used medication includes - anthracyclines, 5-fluorouracil, taxanes, cyclophosphamides, and carboplatin. With this treatment, the size of the cancer is aimed to be reduced, but it is believed to give cosmetically better results post-surgery. Other advantages include: Making inoperable tumors operable. Reducing the need for mastectomies in case of breast cancer, and ultimately. Making surgical removal of cancer more manageable. This differs from adjuvant chemotherapy as the latter is done after the primary treatment modality to destroy the remaining cancer cells. Recovery After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Surgery is generally planned 3-4 weeks post neoadjuvant chemotherapy to allow for immune and general recovery. Since, after this procedure, the body's immune system becomes weak, one should avoid people with infections and colds. It is also essential to maintain a steady diet and ingest plenty of fluids to allow the drugs to spread through your body. There is no need to worry if the side effects are not improving, but you must inform the doctor as they may prescribe you a particular medication to deal with them. Recovery may seem like a long and tedious road, but there is always light at the end of the tunnel! Book an appointment or video consultation and discuss this with our team of doctors today. Follow-up After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy There is regular follow-up during the cycles of therapy. After that, you are expected to meet the doctor to check for regression or progression of the disease and decide the next step in treatment which is usually surgery. After the treatment, a thorough clinical examination and imaging are conducted to check for the above. Quite commonly, a PET scan is used to assess the outcome of neoadjuvant therapy. Finally, the doctor must decide the need for adjuvant therapy based on pathological studies in case of remnants of cancer. The patient must stick to the recommended follow-up routine to keep the disease in check and follow any doctor's advice. Risks Associated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy A significant risk in this procedure comes because of delaying the surgical removal of cancer as it may grow or spread during this period. This is quite a rare occurrence. Additionally, the following side effects have been reported Hair loss Fatigue Vomiting and Nausea Sore mouth Increased risk of infection Decreased cognitive function All of these are temporary and go away once the therapy is completed. There are, however, the following serious complications that may occur in the long run - Infertility Osteoporosis Heart Disease A type of blood cancer - leukemia. Related Blogs What is Cancer and Its Different Types? The Role Of Immunotherapy In The Treatment Of Advanced-Stage Cancers Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment Side Effects, Risks & Benefits

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Targeted therapy is a method of treatment in which medications or other substances are used to precisely identify and attack certain cancer cells. Targeted therapy is a cancer treatment that targets proteins that regulate how cancer cells divide, develop, and disseminate.  Some Breast Cancer treatments are treated with Herceptin (trastuzumab), a medication that inhibits the development of cancer cells. Alternate Name of Targeted Therapy Targeted cancer therapies are sometimes also known as "molecularly targeted drugs," "molecularly targeted therapies," or "precision medicines." Types of Cancer Treated by Targeted Therapy Breast cancer Cervical cancer Bladder cancer Colorectal cancer Kidney cancer Head and neck cancer Leukemia Liver cancer Lung cancer Lymphoma Prostate cancer Types of Target Therapy Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapies work by either stopping the body from manufacturing hormones or interfering with the hormones' actions. Signal Transduction Inhibitors: These interrupt cell signals, causing the cancer cell's behavior to change. Apoptosis Inducers: Apoptosis is one of the body's ways of getting rid of unwanted or abnormal cells, but cancer cells have developed ways to escape it. Apoptosis inducers can work around these mechanisms and cause cancer cells to die. Angiogenesis Inhibitors: These prevent the growth of new blood arteries that feed and nourish cancer cells (a process called tumor angiogenesis). Gene Expression Modulators: They alter the action of proteins involved in gene regulation. Immunotherapies: This type of treatment works by causing the immune system to attack cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies identify specific chemicals on the surface of cancer cells and are used as immunotherapies. Monoclonal Antibodies: Monoclonal antibodies can precisely kill cancer cells by delivering harmful chemicals. Diagnosis Before Targeted Therapy For Cancer The oncologists must first determine their goal before beginning the operation. Certain tests may be able to establish which DNA mutation is causing cancer to behave the way it does. The following are some of the tests: Pathology Tests: Tissue, blood, or stool samples are examined. Pathologists can discover possible therapeutic targets by searching for mutant proteins. Advanced Genomic Testing: This test examines a tumor's genetic profile for particular alterations that could influence the tumor's development, progression, or other characteristics. Genetic Testing: These tests can tell if a patient has a cancer-causing inherited gene mutation. Targeted Therapy Procedure Several factors, like clinical considerations and personal preferences, influence how and where targeted medications are administered to cancer patients. They can be given in any of the following ways: Orally: Ingested by mouth in the form of a pill, capsule, or liquid. By Infusion: A drip into a vein, muscle, or beneath the skin. By Drip: Using an intravenous drip, the medication is injected into a vein. Small and large molecular medications are two types. They work by targeting a specific substance inside the cell and blocking it. Small Molecule Medications, which are small enough to enter a cancer cell once they have been identified. They function by identifying and inhibiting a specific chemical within the cell. Drugs With Large Molecules that can't fit into a cell. They function as a "lock and key" because the molecule acts as a key, unlocking the enzyme or protein on the cell's surface. The medicine works because the key fits into the lock. Follow Up After Targeted Therapy Procedure Get enough rest. Because after the therapy, patients experience more tiredness. So it is important to make sure you take plenty of rest. Eat a balanced, nutritious diet full of vitamins and minerals you need.  Treat the skin that is exposed to radiation with extra care, like cleaning the treated area with warm water and mild soap, avoiding using cosmetics, and trying to stay out of the sun. Follow the doctor's instructions, and speak to your doctor immediately if you develop a fever of 101° or above. Recovery After Targeted Therapy Most side effects resolve over time after treatment ends, and the healthy cells recover. Recovery rate may vary from person to person depending on many factors, including your overall health and the medicines you were given. Targeted Therapy Treatment Side Effects Diarrhea and liver issues are two major side effects of targeted therapy. Dry or flaking skin, rashes, split fingernails or cuticles, decreased blood clotting or wound healing, weariness, and other side effects are possible. The doctor will give you a physical exam and ask you how you are feeling to determine your recovery rate. Medical tests, such as blood tests, x-rays, and various sorts of scans, will be performed on you. You must visit the doctor frequently during therapy to determine whether the treatment is effective. Related Blogs The Role Of Immunotherapy In The Treatment Of Advanced-Stage Cancers Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment: Side Effects, Risks & Benefits Advanced Skin Cancer: Chemotherapy and Its Side Effects Advancements in Targeted Therapy for Melanoma: Current Successes and Future Prospects Different Stages Of Cervical Cancer And The Available Treatment Options Cervical Cancer On The Rise: Late-stage Treatment Options Spinal Cord Tumour - Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments Brain Tumour Treatment: What Are The Surgical & Non-Surgical Options? Tomotherapy - What to Expect? What Are The Survival Rates of Lung Cancer in Different Stages? 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Segmentectomy is a surgical operation that involves removing a portion of an organ to treat various types of tumours and cancer. To inhibit the spread of illness, the malignant tissue and a part of the healthy tissue around it are removed. Segmentectomy is performed when the development of cancerous tissue or cells is localised in certain places and there are no signs of metastasis. Surgical removal of healthy tissue surrounding the tumour often increases the likelihood of cancer recurrence. Alternate Name of Segmentectomy Surgery Segmental resection, tumorectomy, broad excision, or quadrantectomy Body Location Any organ or gland, like the lungs, breast, etc. Segmentectomy Procedure Type Surgical Procedure Preparation for Segmentectomy Surgery Communicate any concerns you have regarding the surgery to your doctor. Make arrangements for any blood tests that your doctor has prescribed. You should quit smoking as soon as possible if you do. Avoiding difficulties will be easier. Inform your doctor about any prescribed drugs (prescription or over-the-counter), vitamins, or herbal supplements you are taking, especially aspirin. In some cases, your doctor may advise you to stop using certain drugs before your surgery. Do not drink or eat the night before your procedure or as recommended. On the day of your procedure, arrive at the hospital on time. Segmentectomy Surgery Procedure The person is placed under general anaesthesia at the commencement of the treatment. The surgeon makes multiple incisions in the affected region to insert a thoracoscope and other surgical equipment. After finding the tumour, the surgeon removes the malignant tissue and the healthy cells surrounding it. Blood vessels and bronchial structures are also severed and blocked up. Most surgeons remove any adjacent lymph nodes to limit the likelihood of recurrence. Next, they clean the chest cavity with aseptic distilled water. After the incisions are closed with sutures, the specimens are sent to a pathology lab. Recovery After Segmentectomy Surgery If you had open surgery, you would need to stay in the hospital for five to seven days after a segmentectomy. Your doctor and cancer care team will closely watch you to ensure you are on the mend. When you are discharged, your doctor will give you specific instructions on the level of physical activity you can undertake. Patients in recovery are generally asked to refrain from driving or vigorous exercise for a week. Your respiratory function may also be affected after a segmentectomy. Your doctor will teach you a few deep breathing exercises to overcome shortness of breath or other difficulties. Your healthcare provider will also ask you to follow a wound care diet to speed up the healing process. Four to six weeks following surgery, many patients get radiation therapy. Radiation treatment might last between four and five weeks. Follow up After Segmentectomy Surgery Care for cancer patients does not cease when active treatment is completed. Your healthcare team will continue to examine your overall health to ensure that your cancer has not returned. This process is known as follow-up care. As part of your follow-up treatment, you may undergo regular physical examinations or medical testing. Doctors want to monitor your progress in the following months and years. Cancer rehabilitation may be advised, which might include physical therapy, vocational counselling, pain management, dietary planning, and/or emotional counselling. The purpose of rehabilitation is to assist people in regaining control of many parts of their life and remaining as self-sufficient as possible. Risks Associated with Segmentectomy Surgery Thoracic surgery is typically considered safe. However, like with any operation, there is a slight chance of complications, which include: Infection of the wound. Long-term air leak, which means a chest tube will be inserted for longer than usual. Bleeding. Pain or numbness at the location of the incision. Pneumonia, a kind of infection. Atrioventricular fibrillation or irregular heartbeat. It is usually temporary and controlled with medication. Related Blogs What is Cancer and Its Different Types? Skin Cancer Treatment: Surgery and its Side Effects Robotic Surgery in Uterine Cancer: Advancements and Benefits Robotic Surgery for Gynaecological Cancer: Conditions, Complications, and Treatment Head and Neck Cancer Different Stages Of Cervical Cancer And The Available Treatment Options

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A sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) identifies, removes, and examines a sentinel lymph node for the presence of cancer cells. Patients diagnosed with cancer undergo this surgical procedure. A positive SLNB test indicates the spread of cancer from the sentinel to other regional lymph nodes and possibly other organs. With this information, a doctor can determine the cancer's stage (how far the disease has spread through the body) and develop a treatment plan. A negative SLNB test result indicates the absence of cancer metastasis to neighboring lymph nodes or other organs. Alternate Name of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Lymph node biopsy Body Location Depending on the type of cancer, a sentinel node biopsy may be needed to see if cancer cells have spread to the lymphatic system. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Procedure Type Surgery Preparation for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy The location of the sentinel nodes is the initial step in doing a sentinel node biopsy. The following are some of the alternatives: A mild radioactive solution is injected near the tumor during this treatment. This solution is absorbed by your lymphatic system and transported to the sentinel nodes. This injection is usually given several hours, if not a day, before the surgical surgery to remove the sentinel nodes. Methylene blue / ICG dye that can be used to create a variety of colors. Your doctor may inject a non-toxic blue dye into the area surrounding the tumor. The dye is sent to the sentinel nodes through the lymphatic system, turning them a vibrant blue color. At the injection site, you may notice a change in your skin color. This color usually fades with time, although it could be permanent. You may also notice that your urine turns blue for a short period of time. The blue dye is usually delivered shortly before the surgical procedure to remove the sentinel nodes. Your surgeon will choose whether you receive the radioactive solution, blue dye, or both to find the sentinel nodes. During the same operation, some surgeons combine the two treatments. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Procedure During the procedure, you'll most likely be put under general anesthesia. To avoid anesthesia complications, your doctor may advise you to fast for a particular period of time before the procedure. The tracer/Dye is injected prior to the procedure. The surgeon starts by creating a tiny incision in the lymph node area. The surgeon uses a small piece of equipment called a gamma detector to evaluate where the radioactivity has gathered and locate the sentinel nodes if you've been given a radioactive solution before the procedure. The blue dye dyes the sentinel nodes bright blue, making them visible to the surgeon. The surgeon next removes the sentinel nodes. One to five sentinel nodes are usually present, and they are all removed. Using a microscope, a pathologist examines the sentinel nodes for cancer cells. Follow Up After Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Your first follow-up appointment will be arranged based on the type of surgery you had and how well you recovered. Depending on where you reside and what the medical team recommends, you may see the surgeon or your primary care physician. Your doctor will evaluate your wound and remove any stitches, staples, glue, or drains that are still in place. Risks Associated with Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy In general, sentinel node biopsy is a generally safe procedure. However, like with any surgery, there is the risk of complications, which include the following: Bleeding Bruising or soreness at the location of the biopsy Infection Allergic reaction to the dye used in the technique Lymphedema: A condition in which the lymph veins in a particular part of the body don't work properly, causing fluid to build up and swelling. Recovery After Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy You'll then be sent to a recovery room, where your medical team will monitor you for any complications from the therapy or anesthesia. You will be able to go home on the same day if no additional surgery is required. Depending on your circumstances, you will be able to resume your typical activities sooner or later. The intricacy of the operation will determine the length of your hospital stay if a sentinel node biopsy is performed as part of the treatment to remove the cancer.

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The omentum comprises a double layer of fatty tissues that support and cover the organs in the lower abdomen. It functions as an important storage organ for fat deposits. An Omentectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove the omentum. This procedure is recommended during the treatment of ovarian cancer, if the cancerous cells have invaded the omentum. Done to prevent malignant spread, a trained surgeon such as a gynecologic oncologist is assigned to perform the omentectomy. Types of Omentectomy There are two types of omentectomy, namely Total omentectomy Complete removal of omentum. Omental Biopsy A portion of the omentum is removed. It is typically performed in combination with other treatments such as hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and cervix) or salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes). Preparation for Omentectomy Surgery Prior to an Omentectomy, it is advised to check for physical fitness to ensure handling and recovery post anaesthesia. Before the procedure, blood tests, cardiopulmonary tests, chest X- ray and an echocardiogram is done to thoroughly check the patient’s medical history. Patients are advised to refrain from smoking and drinking a couple of weeks before the procedure. Any previous history regarding procedures under anaesthesia is also checked for. Once the patient arrives at the hospital for the procedure, the preparation steps include: Changing to the hospital gown Shaving near the region of the surgery Shower before the procedure Patients are also advised to start fasting a few hours prior to the procedure to avoid any complications with anaesthesia. Omentectomy Surgery Procedure Omentectomy is a surgical procedure that is done to remove the primary tumour in the omentum, and to prevent the spread of the tumour to the stomach and other organs. This can be done in two ways: A single, large incision in the abdomen, called Open-Abdominal Surgery. Laparoscopic surgery with smaller incisions in the abdomen. This involves a camera to guide the surgeon throughout the surgery. Open-Abdominal Surgery is effective, but it leads to longer recovery times, cosmetic defects and a delay in resuming daily activities. Laparoscopy, on the other hand, is a minimally invasive procedure with small incisions, which leads to faster recovery rates and lesser cosmetic defects. Recovery After Omentectomy Surgery It takes around 2-8 weeks for full recovery from an omentectomy surgery. Recovery also depends on additional procedures done along with the omentectomy. Ensure that you receive information from your health provider regarding breathing exercises to avoid lung infection, walking and leg exercises to avoid blood clots and hygiene around the area of the surgery. Exercising proper hygiene and cleanliness can help avoid infections. There may be a pause on certain medication before and after the omentectomy. On the other hand, in cases of cancer, fertility preservation medicines and other medications may be recommended post-surgery. Taking the proper steps during the post-surgery duration can boost recovery. Follow up After Omentectomy Surgery In the case of cancer patients who have undergone Omentectomy or any other ovarian surgery, chemotherapy is suggested to destroy residual cancer cells. Right after the surgery, the patient’s blood pressure, infection at the site of surgery and any other immediate signs are checked for. Post operation, the patient is put on a liquid diet for 3-4 days and discharge is not recommended until patients tolerate a soft diet and the pain subsides, at least 4-5 days post-surgery. Risks Associated with Omentectomy Surgery The benefit of an Omentectomy is to mainly remove the cancerous spread of the tumour. As with any other surgery, certain risks or side effects are associated with Omentectomy too, which include: Bleeding Nerve damage Temporary tenderness or pain Recurrence of small bowel obstruction Nausea due to anaesthesia Lymphedema (collection of fluids if lymph vessels are blocked) Infection Mild fever

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Palliative surgery is a surgical intervention that focuses on improving a patient’s quality of life or treating the symptoms of an advanced cancer. Additionally, doctors perform palliative surgery to evaluate the extent of a disease and control pain, haemorrhage, or tumour. Alternate Name of Palliative Surgery Surgical palliation Body Location Any part of the body Palliative Procedure Type Surgical type Preparation Before Palliative Surgery The doctor decides to perform palliative surgery if non-surgical interventions such as medications have not improved the pain and symptoms of the disease. Before opting for palliative surgery, consult your doctor about the benefits and risks of performing the surgery. Your doctor may ask you to refrain from smoking and taking medications a week before the surgery. Your doctor will also give proper instructions on what to eat or what not to eat. The doctor may ask you to avoid eating any food except water before the surgery on the day of the procedure. How is Palliative Surgery Performed? Palliative surgery aims to reduce pain and other symptoms caused by an advanced disease such as cancer. There are several types of surgeries that fall under palliative surgery. We discuss one of the most common palliative surgeries performed called tumour debulking. This is a surgical procedure where most of the malignant tumour is safely removed to allow chemotherapy or radiotherapy to be more effective, therefore improving the quality of a patient’s life. During the procedure, the patient is under general anaesthesia. According to the size and location of the cancer/tumour, the surgeon either uses laparoscopy to make a small incision or takes out as much of the tumour as possible. If the tumour has spread too much, the surgeon may opt for open surgery to gain more access to the tumour. Since the tumour would have progressed to an advanced stage, this procedure aims to leave behind no visible signs of cancer or less than 1 cm lesions. Follow Up After Palliative Surgery Your stay in the hospital might be for 4 to 7 days after surgery to start recovery and receive chemotherapy or any other medicinal treatment. Once you are released from the hospital, you will have to go to your doctor for checkups every week after surgery. During these follow-ups, your doctor will inspect your surgical site for any signs of infection or bleeding and may ask about your health. Avoid any strenuous physical activity or exercise to avoid putting pressure on stitches and the body for at least 8 to 12 weeks until the doctor permits you. Risks Associated with Palliative Surgery Like any other surgery, an individual might be at risk of developing the following side effects after palliative surgery. Bleeding Infection Swelling Postoperative pain Blood clots Possible nerve damage Slow recovery of the other bodily functions Damage to other organs Damage to nearby tissues Drug reactions Incontinence Recovery After Palliative Surgery It will take 6 to 8 weeks to recover from palliative surgery and get back to your regular routine. It may take longer depending on the surgery and the healing process. You cannot drive or go back to work for a few weeks after surgery. Once the doctor deems you fit and allows you to resume your daily routine, you may do so. The follow-ups will continue but will reduce to visits every 2 to 3 months or as per the doctor’s instructions. You may experience side effects, such as bleeding, infection, or incontinence after the surgery. Consult your doctor immediately if they persist. For more information on palliative surgery, visit BLK-Max Hospital. Related Blogs Different Stages Of Cervical Cancer And The Available Treatment Options Cervical Cancer On The Rise: Late-stage Treatment Options Brain Tumour Treatment: What Are The Surgical & Non-Surgical Options?

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Wedge resection is a surgical operation conducted to remove a wedge or triangle-shaped piece of tissue from your lungs. This surgical procedure is done to treat early-stage lung cancer. Your doctor will suggest a wedge resection when you are suffering from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Sometimes your doctor might also suggest a wedge resection to diagnose whether you have lung cancer or some other lung illness. Alternate Name of Wedge Resection Surgery Robotic/Thoracoscopic wedge resection Body Location Lung Wedge Resection Procedure type Wedge resection is less invasive than the other surgeries that are conducted to treat lung cancer. Preparation for Wedge Resection Surgery Pre-operative tests Before the surgery, your doctor will prescribe certain tests like ECG, chest x-ray, blood tests, cardiac stress test, lung function test and nose and groin swab to check if you are eligible for the surgery. A cardiologist will check your heart, and you will be advised to refrain from smoking. When to get admitted to the hospital You will be advised to get admitted to the hospital one day before the surgical procedure. Diet before the surgery You have to fast on the day of the surgery and cannot eat or drink anything before the surgery. If you need to consume any medicines, you can discuss them with your doctor. How is Wedge Resection Surgery Performed? A wedge resection can be performed in two ways: Open Thoracotomy In this procedure, a fifteen to twenty-centimetre cut is made between your ribs to surgically remove the affected lung tissue. It is an open chest surgery. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) In this procedure, a three or four-centimetre tiny cut is made to remove the affected lung tissue. This is a minimally invasive surgery. Robotic Wedege Resection Your doctor will decide whether to do thoracotomy or VATS depending upon the size and location of your affected lung tissue. After the procedure, your doctor will insert a tube into your chest to drain out fluids and air. Follow up After Wedge Resection Surgery You will be kept at the hospital post-surgery, depending upon your progress. Your chest tube will be kept in place for 24 to 48 hours after the surgery. A respiratory therapist will look after your breathing movements during the hospital stay. You may be given a bladder tube to measure your urine, which is removed the following day. On the day of discharge, your surgeon will provide you with all the post-operative instructions to follow at home and will also provide a prescription of medicines to speed up recovery and ease post-operative pain. Risks Associated with Wedge Resection Surgery There are minimal risk factors associated with wedge resection. But if complications occur, they include: Infection after the surgery Atelectasis involves the damage to part or whole of the lung. Hemothorax involves bleeding in your chest cavity. Air leak A bronchopleural fistula involves the formation of an abnormal passage between your lungs and pleura. Recovery After Wedge Resection Surgery Recovery after wedge resection depends upon whether your doctor has conducted a open thoracotomy or Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS)/Robotic Thoracotomy. Your recovery generally takes four to six weeks post-surgery. You will feel exhausted initially; therefore, it is suggested that you take ample rest. Your wounds from the surgery take around four weeks to heal. Your stitches are generally removed after 12 days from the date of surgery. You can shower regularly, but do not forget to pat dry your wounds. You may notice numbness, tingling and inflammation at the operation site for some days, for which you will be prescribed antibiotics. You may be able to join work after two to four weeks post-surgery. You need to visit your oncologist two weeks post-surgery and the surgeon six weeks post-surgery. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is a wedge resection major surgery? A wedge resection is considered an important surgical procedure. It involves removing a small wedge-shaped portion of tissue from an organ, typically the lung, to remove a localized abnormality such as a tumour. 2. What is the success rate of wedge resection? It depends on various factors, such as the size, location of the abnormality, and the patient's overall health. Generally, the success rate of wedge resection for early-stage lung cancer is relatively high, with studies showing favourable outcomes and long-term survival rates. 3. Are there any alternatives to wedge resection surgery for treating the same conditions? Alternative to wedge resection surgery for treating lung abnormalities may include other surgical procedures like lobectomy, segmentectomy, or non-surgical approaches such as radiation therapy or ablation techniques. 4. How painful is a wedge resection? Pain experienced after a wedge resection can vary from person to person. While pain, your healthcare expert typically prescribes pain medications to manage discomfort during the recovery period. The level of pain can differ, but it is generally well-managed with appropriate pain management medicines. 5. What is the cost of lung resection in Delhi? The cost of wedge resection or lung resection in Delhi can vary depending on several factors, including the hospital or healthcare facility, surgeon's fees, preoperative tests, length of hospital stay, and post-operative care requirements. 6. How long do the results of wedge resection surgery last? The results of wedge resection surgery can be long-lasting, particularly if the procedure successfully removes the targeted abnormality. However, it is essential to undergo regular follow-up examinations and screenings as advised by your surgeon. 7. What are the dietary or lifestyle restrictions after wedge resection surgery? Generally, patients may be advised to follow a balanced and nutritious diet, quit smoking if applicable, and regular exercise to support overall recovery and lung health.

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Hemicolectomy is a procedure that involves surgical removal of a portion (right or left) of the colon. The remaining parts are connected with practically little influence on the digestion once the damaged area has been removed. Hemicolectomy is performed to treat, manage or prevent the following conditions: Colon cancer Crohn's disease Bowel cancer Ulcerative colitis Severe diverticulitis Polyps (tissue growth in the colon) Alternate Name of Hemicolectomy Surgery Hemicolectomy is a type of colectomy (surgical colon removal). Left hemicolectomy is also known as open left colectomy, and right hemicolectomy is also known as an open right colectomy. The resection of the sigmoid colon is called sigmoid colectomy. Types of Hemicolectomy Surgery Left hemicolectomy An open left colectomy is the surgical elimination of descending (left) colon and the fat and lymph nodes around it. It is frequently used to treat malignancies on the left side of the colon. After this, the surgeon connects the transverse colon directly to the rectum. Right hemicolectomy The surgical elimination of ascending (right section) colon and the fat and lymph nodes around it is an open right colectomy. After this, the surgeon connects the transverse colon to the small intestine. Body Location Remove part of the colon Hemicolectomy Procedure Type Depending on the intensity of cancer or condition, surgical procedure is determined. For example, open surgery is performed for a hemicolectomy when a more extended cut is needed. The minimal invasive resection of the colon and rectum involves: Laparoscopic technique Hand-assisted laparoscopic technique Single-incision laparoscopic technique Robot-assisted techniques Preparation for Hemicolectomy Surgery The time it takes to prepare for a hemicolectomy depends on a person's overall health and any medicines they may be taking. Before the operation, a doctor will usually conduct testing to ensure that the patient is a good fit for a hemicolectomy. An electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests are among the testing available. Before surgery, a person may need to cease taking certain drugs, including blood-thinning medication, for some time. However, they should only stop taking medications if the doctor tells them to. Before the surgery, patients must fast for 6-8 hours. They may also require bowel preparation, using a laxative to clear the colon. Hemicolectomy Surgery Procedure The surgeon will most likely start by creating a few small holes in the abdomen, a procedure known as laparoscopic surgery. In some circumstances, open surgery may be required. This necessitates opening of the abdomen. The surgeon removes the damaged area of the colon after making the incisions. They will also remove any pieces of the intestines that are directly attached to the section of the colon that is being eliminated, like the ending of the smaller intestine or an area of the rectum. Any nodules and blood arteries connected to the colon will also be removed. If the surgeon cannot reconnect the colon to some other section of the gastrointestinal tract, the colon may be connected to the abdominal wall. This approach could be temporary or permanent, depending on the operation. After the procedure, patients may have to wear a sack on the abdomen to hold the waste, known as a stoma. Hemicolectomy typically takes two hours, although it might take longer if difficulties arise during the treatment. Recovery After Hemicolectomy Surgery The recovery time for a hemicolectomy varies depending on whether it was performed laparoscopically or openly. However, it is expected that recovery will take 1–2 months. A person's underlying health condition may hamper recovery. A hemicolectomy with no complications usually necessitates a hospitalization of 7 to 10 days. A bladder catheter is often left in place for 1–2 days following the treatment to remove bladder waste. To remove fluids, the surgeon may place belly drains. An epidural inserted into the person's back near the spine is commonly used to provide pain medicine. A care professional may offer oral pain medicines after the epidural has been removed. The patient may not be able to undertake typical everyday routines for a further three weeks after returning home. For about six weeks, they should avoid lifting any heavy things. Follow up After Hemicolectomy Surgery Regular follow-ups are required to maintain a careful eye on the therapy's progress and in the case of colon malignancies and medical treatment that lasts an extended period. Due to the elimination of colon tissue, some people report little to no difference in their digestion. Some patients, however, develop cramps or diarrhea as a result of the medication. The doctor will advise them to stay hydrated and eat a bland diet to manage bowel movements. If the patient is experiencing more frequent diarrhea or stomach pains, their doctor may suggest the following meals to help manage the bowel movements. Risks Associated with Hemicolectomy Surgery The following risks are involved with hemicolectomy: Excessive bleeding: There is an increased risk of excessive bleeding after an open hemicolectomy. The doctor may perform a blood transfusion to replenish blood loss in specific instances. Infection: Infections can arise during or following any intestinal operation, including a hemicolectomy. Antibiotics are frequently required to treat an infection, which might result in a prolonged hospital stay. Colostomy: For certain patients, a colostomy may be required if reattachment of the colon is not possible. The colon is connected to the abdominal wall, creating a stoma. Internal injury: The bladder and adjacent organs may be damaged during the surgery. Depending on the amount of the injury, more surgery could be required. Internal injuries might cause healing to be delayed.

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The primary principle of managing a tumor is to completely remove it. Debulking surgery is a surgical procedure to completely remove an obstructing mass, a tumor (cancer) and its metastatic (tumor spread to other parts) lesions. In some cases, the metastatic lesions may not be accessible and thus, only the primary tumor is removed by debulking. The procedure is carried out in the following conditions: The purpose is palliative Ovarian cancer Gastrointestinal cancer Urological (urinary system) cancer Brain tumors Thyroid tumors Breast cancer Debulking Procedure Type Surgical (Open type / Minimally invasive) Alternate Name of Debulking Surgery Debulking Tumor surgery; Cytoreductive surgery Preparation for Debulking Surgery Fitness tests are carried out before the surgery to rule out possible risks for the surgery. These include blood tests, blood sugar levels, blood pressure, cardiac status, blood type determination, along with other comorbidities tests. Blood bags are procured to help in restoring lost blood during surgery. Smoking should be completely stopped. The individual is usually admitted one to two days before the surgery to monitor for any unstable vitals like increased heart rate, blood sugar etc. Fasting for a minimum of 12 hours before the surgery is required. The part to be operated on is shaved and cleaned. Any medications taken must be informed to the oncologist and anesthesia specialist. You will need to stay calm when anesthesia is administered to minimise discomfort. Debulking Surgery Procedure Debulking surgery is performed in 3 scenarios. First, called Primary Debulking, is surgical removal of a tumor as an initial treatment protocol. Second, Interval debulking surgery, in which the tumor is resected completely followed by chemotherapy sessions. Third, Secondary debulking surgery, where recurrent tumors, metastatic lesions and residual tumors are removed after chemotherapy or radiotherapy for the primary tumor. The organ with the primary source of tumor is studied and analysed with the help of an MRI, CT scan, PET scan etc. During surgery, the surgeon will aim at removing the tumor or mass as a whole without invading into healthy tissues. Some tumors cannot be removed entirely due to invasion into healthy tissues, unresectable organs or body parts and risk of bleeding out during surgery. In an Atherectomy procedure, where a diseased artery is replaced with a stent, a debulking surgery is first carried out to remove plaques and other masses in the artery and surrounding tissues. Surgical removal of a tumor or mass is usually followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy sessions to prevent recurrence or clear out residual tumors. Recovery After Debulking Surgery Rehabilitation after a debulking surgery may take up to 6-8 weeks or longer, depending on the pre-operative status of the individual. One is encouraged to walk and sit up more frequently to prevent blood clots and limb swelling. Follow up chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy sessions need complete compliance from the patient and caretaker. Follow up After Debulking Surgery An initial early follow up for stitch removal is required followed by regular chemotherapy and radiotherapy sessions, as advised. The patient and caretaker are advised to monitor for any signs and symptoms of distress and episodes of dizziness, weakness, black outs etc., and any such events must be brought to the attention of medical staff immediately. Physiotherapy rehabilitation sessions may be started to mobilize the patient and improve activities of daily living. Risks Associated with Debulking Surgery Pain and swelling: Pain and swelling at the operated site may be experienced, which usually subsides within a few days with rest and medication. Loss of function of removed organ or tissue: When the bladder or ureter is operated on, one may have reduced function or loss of voluntary urination. Ovarian cancer debulking may lead to loss of fertility, depending on the number of organs removed. Infection: The operated site may get infected due to reduced immunity and improper hygiene. It can usually be controlled with antibiotics and preventive care. Tumor recurrence: The tumor cells may regrow and form another mass and spread to other areas called metastasis. This may need chemotherapy and/or additional debulking surgery. Death: Research has reported some deaths after debulking surgery, which are rare and occur due to comorbidities. Related Blogs Robotic Surgery for Gynaecological Cancer: Conditions, Complications, and Treatment

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Pelvic exenteration is a surgical procedure to remove various organs in the pelvic region in case of recurrent cancers. This technique is used to remove the bladder, reproductive organs such as uterus, cervix, vagina, and parts of the gastrointestinal tracts such as rectum, or anus. Pelvic exenteration is major surgery and is done under general anesthesia. It is performed only when cancer has not spread to other parts of the body. Gynecological cancers and gastrointestinal cancer that may be treated with this surgery include: Vaginal cancer Uterine cancer Cervical cancer Vulvar cancer Rectum cancer Anal cancer Body Location Organs in the pelvic region (e.g. uterus, colon, rectum, reproductive organs) Alternate Name of Pelvic Exenteration Surgery Radical pelvic exenteration Pelvic Exenteration Procedure Type Surgical Preparation for Pelvic Exenteration Surgery Before undergoing pelvic exenteration, it is crucial to prepare and understand the outcomes and expectations. Your surgeon will recommend you to undergo certain blood tests and a pre-anesthesia check-up (PAC) that would also include a chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG) along with a physical examination to assess your suitability for the surgery. You will also undergo imaging tests to assess the spread of cancer and the location of the surgery. You should eat light food the day before surgery and fast for at least 6-8 hours before the surgery, to avoid complications during the surgery. Inform your doctor about all your medications and you could be asked to discontinue blood-thinning medications. Also, you could be prescribed certain medications to calm your nerves. You should reach the hospital 4-6 hours before the surgery as you will be kept under observation for some time. Pelvic Exenteration Surgery Procedure Pelvic exenteration is performed under sedatives and anesthesia to block the pain and sensation. A few small incisions are made in the abdominal wall. A laparoscope (instrument with a small camera) is inserted through one of the incisions to create images for guiding the surgeon to and examine the pelvic region and abdominal cavity. A larger cut is made and the affected tissues or organs are removed could include the reproductive organs, bladder, lymph nodes & parts of the rectum. Following the removal of cancerous tissue/organ, reconstruction is done to restore various body functions depending upon the location of the surgery. These could include reconstructing the vagina, urinary diversion, or colostomy (for passing stools). Recovery After Pelvic Exenteration Surgery Depending on the site of the surgery, you will be transferred to the recovery room after a few hours to a couple of days. Once your vital signs have stabilized, you will be shifted to the hospital room/ward and within a few days, you will be discharged from the hospital. The recovery will take a few weeks and you can slowly start returning to your normal activities. While you are in recovery mode, avoid housework for a few weeks that could stress your body. Walking and breathing exercises are imperative for quick recovery and avoiding complications. Getting regular follow-ups done per the schedule is also crucial to achieving a complication-free recovery. Take good care of the incision wounds and keep them clean. Take your medications including painkillers, and antibiotics as prescribed. If you experience unexplained pain, excessive vomiting, or any other side effects, seek medical attention. Follow-up After Pelvic Exenteration Surgery You should continue with your follow-ups as per the schedule for a complication-free recovery. Usually, your surgeon will give a follow-up chart to follow until your incision wounds have healed. In addition, you should take proper rest as recommended by your doctor and do not overexert yourself. Avoid housework and seek help from your family members or friends. You can start returning to your routine activities in a few weeks. Wear loose clothes and eat nutritious food. Keep your wounds clean and dry. You should check with your doctor regarding the bathing. Look for any signs of infection, swelling, or redness at the incision site. Take your medication as prescribed, and drink plenty of water and oral fluids. Risks Associated with Pelvic Exenteration Surgery Being a major surgery, there are various risks associated with pelvic exenteration such as: Bleeding from the incision site or surrounding organs Incision site infections could occur and you might need antibiotic treatment following the surgery. In addition, surgery could be associated with the following side effects: Damage to an adjoining organ Vaginal dryness Recurrent urinary tract infection Bowel changes Blood clot formation Postoperative pneumonia Wound separation Fistula formation Hypersensitivity reaction to anesthesia. Related Blogs Cervical Cancer On The Rise: Late-stage Treatment Options Different Stages Of Cervical Cancer And The Available Treatment Options

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Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of a part, or both lobes of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland that has multiple physiological functions. Thyroidectomy can be performed in the following cases: Thyroid disorders Thyroid nodules Hyperthyroidism Obstructive goiter Cancer Thyroidectomy can be classified into two types based on the amount of the thyroid gland removed. Partial thyroidectomy is when only a part of the thyroid gland is removed. The removal of the entire thyroid gland is known as a total thyroidectomy. The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck and secretes the thyroid hormone. Type of Thyroidectomy Surgery Procedure The surgical procedure is commenced once the patient is unconscious. The types of total thyroidectomy procedures include: Conventional thyroidectomy This procedure involves making an incision at the center of the neck and is preferred for most patients. Transoral thyroidectomy The oral route is preferred in this procedure by making an incision through an oral route to access the thyroid gland. Endoscopic thyroidectomy This process involves smaller incisions in the neck to insert a small video camera that guides the surgeon throughout the procedure. Preparation for Total Thyroidectomy Surgery Diagnostic tests for Total Thyroidectomy Surgery Before a total thyroidectomy is scheduled, there are diagnostic tests run to confirm the need for the surgery such as: Physical examination of the thyroid gland Blood tests including thyroid function test Ultrasound imaging Thyroid FNAC Genetic testing Direct Laryngeoscopy Before the Total Thyroidectomy Surgery Procedure Thyroidectomy is generally a safe procedure. It is recommended to have an attendee post-surgery as it is done under anesthesia. In the case of hyperthyroidism, the doctor may prescribe medication to control thyroid function and lower the risk of bleeding after surgery. As the procedure is under anesthesia, to limit the risk of complications, the patient is advised to not eat or drink from the previous night of the procedure or a few hours before the procedure. Total Thyroidectomy Surgery Procedure Total thyroidectomy involves total removal of the thyroid gland and tissue due to the entire gland being affected. The procedure occurs under general anesthesia in a hospital. After fluid administration and anesthesia, the surgeon will make an incision over the base of the neck to carefully remove the thyroid gland. Another method to perform total thyroidectomy is a robotic thyroidectomy. In this case, the surgeon performs an axillary incision through the armpit or opts for a transoral route to remove the thyroid gland. The procedure takes around 2-3 hours and is performed carefully as the thyroid gland is surrounded by nerves and glands. Recovery After Thyroidectomy Surgery The management of post-total thyroidectomy is performed through medication. As the thyroid gland is removed, the body requires supplementation of the thyroid hormone. Synthetic thyroid hormone supplementations such as Synthroid and Unithroid are prescribed by the surgeon. The dosage is given based on a blood test to determine the amount of thyroid hormone needed. In case of injury in the parathyroid glands and low calcium, calcium supplements are also prescribed. Follow up After Thyroidectomy Surgery After the surgery, the patient is shifted to a separate room to monitor post-surgery recovery and anesthesia. Once the patient is conscious, conditions such as neck pain, hoarse or weak voice are short-term symptoms of surgery. Regular activities can be resumed post-discharge, with no dietary restrictions unless mentioned. It is recommended to refrain from strenuous activities up to a minimum of 10 days post the procedure. Risks Associated with Thyroidectomy Surgery A total thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure. It accompanies low chances of the following risks: Adverse reaction to general anesthesia Heavy bleeding/infection Damage to nerves in vocal cords Damage to parathyroid glands which lie behind the thyroid glands

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Wide local excision is a surgical method to remove the tumor and a small part of surrounding tissue to avoid reoccurrence. The amount of surrounding tissue removed depends on the size of the tumor. Wide local excision is a commonly suggested treatment for: Melanoma (skin cancer) Early stages of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinomas Alternate Names of Wide Local Excision Surgery Excisional biopsy Body Locations Skin Wide Local Excision Procedure Type Surgical Preparation for Wide Local Excision Before the Treatment Procedure The doctor will examine your medical history and perform a physical examination. They will ask you about your current medications, allergies, allergies to anesthesia, history of bleeding, and other medical problems. Be honest about everything. Preparation for wide local excision also depends upon the type of anesthesia used. General Anesthesia If general anesthesia is used, the doctor will recommend you Not to consume any food or fluid at least six hours before undergoing the procedure. Stop medications that might interfere with the procedure. Avoid alcohol on the day of surgery and a day after. Have a friend or family member pick you up after the procedure. Do not drive back home on your own. Local Anesthesia For local anesthesia, there is no preparation required on your part. Healthy food and a good night's sleep are sufficient. The doctor might give some special instructions based on your medical history and current medication. Wide Local Excision Surgery Procedure Wide local excision is an outpatient procedure. It does not require hospital admission. Generally, you are kept awake during the procedure but will not feel any pain. The surgeon first cleans the excision site and administers a local or general anesthetic. After the anesthetic numbs the area, the surgeon removes the tumor and surrounding tissue. The wound is closed with sutures or stitches. If a large area of the skin is removed, the surgeon may take healthy skin from another part of your body and cover the wound with it. This is known as skin grafting. The removed tumor is sent to a pathologist for analysis. If the surgeon has closed the wound with stitches, you will have to visit the doctor after a few days or a week to get them removed. After Wide Local Excision Surgery Procedure Keep the treatment area clean and dry. Your skin might feel tender. Allow it to heal. The doctor will give instructions on how to clean and change the bandage and apply an antibacterial ointment. Drink liquids and eat light and healthy food. Ask the doctor when it is safe for you to resume normal activities. Recovery After Wide Local Excision Surgery Wide local excision is a minor surgery and does not take much time to recover. You can resume your normal activities after a few days of the procedure. The skin around the treatment area may take a little time to heal. However, it will not affect your day-to-day activities. Follow up After Wide Local Excision Surgery After the treatment procedure, the doctor may prescribe painkillers. In the case of stitches or sutures, the doctor might ask you to follow up after one to three weeks of the treatment to remove them. If not, the doctor will request a follow-up after four to six weeks to see how the wound is healing. Based on your wound and side effects, if any, the doctor will recommend further follow-up. Risks Associated with Wide Local Excision Surgery Wide local excision is a surgical procedure. Common risks associated with surgery are: Allergic reaction to anesthesia Infection in the treatment area Pain in the nerves Appearance of scar in the treatment area Bruising or swelling Bleeding in the treatment area after the surgery These are minimal in the hands of specialized dermatologists. Related Blogs Skin Cancer Treatment: Surgery and its Side Effects

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-step treatment. It combines light energy and light-sensitive medication to destroy precancerous or cancer cells. The light-sensitive drug is activated once exposed to a specific wavelength of light from a laser. Once active, the medicine works to destroy the targeted tissues in the body. This procedure can help treat acne, macular (eye) degeneration, psoriasis, and various cancers such as skin, bladder, lung cancer, brain, pancreas, etc. PDT can also help treat various viral, bacterial, and fungal infections and the procedure can also trigger an immune response and increase immunity. Alternate Name of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Photoradiation therapy, Phototherapy, or Photochemotherapy. Body Location Anywhere Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Type Minimally invasive. Preparation of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Before PDT, healthcare professionals require some test results to locate the area. Then the patient is given light-sensitive medicine or photosensitizers. Depending on the body part/organ requiring treatment, the patient is either given a cream, tablet, or an injection. After that, the patient is asked to go home and return to the hospital after a few hours or days. Time allows the medicine to settle in the abnormal tissues in the body. How is Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Performed? First, the patient is given a light-sensitive drug, also known as a photosensitizer. There are various forms and types of photosensitizers available. These can be taken orally, applied to the skin, or injected depending on cancer's type of condition or location. After one to two days, most of the drug deposits in cancer or precancerous cells. Next, the light source is projected directly on the abnormal /cancerous growth location. The light is aimed directly at the affected site (skin or body organ). If cancer or abnormal cells are present inside, such as the lungs, the doctor performs an endoscopy that includes inserting a flexible tube into that location, through which then the light is passed. Follow up After Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) After the procedure, the treated area (if it is skin) is covered with dressing for at least a day or two. It helps protect the sensitive area from being scratched, damaged, etc. The site should be kept clean and dry. After removing the dressing, the area may be washed normally. The doctor will advise a follow-up after a few weeks or months to check the treatment’s effect or if another procedural round is needed. Risks of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) The potential risks or side effects of PDT depend on the treatment area. Generally, eyes and skin are more sensitive. Risks of PDT on the skin are Swelling at the area of the treatment. Redness. Itching. Burning. Discoloration. Risks of PDT on the esophagus are Nausea and vomiting. Difficulty swallowing. Scratching of the throat. Hiccups. Fever. Risks of PDT in the lungs are Cough. Difficulty in breathing. Fever. Infection. Recovery After Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) The recovery period is generally less than a day, and most people do not undergo any side effects. If an endoscope is used, you may feel soreness or itchiness where the light was applied. Some side effects to watch out for are – Swelling. Redness. Sensitive to the sun or sunburns. Blisters. Outlook Recommended by experts and experienced doctors, PDT is a safe and authoritative test to diagnose and treat abnormal cancer cell growth without affecting nearby locations/regions. Photodynamic therapy is used to treat cancer and variety of conditions, including: Particular skin diseases, including skin cancer. Pancreatic cancer Esophageal cancer Brain cancer Bladder cancer Bile duct cancer Lung cancer Frequently Asked Questions 1. What are the applications of photodynamic therapy in medical treatments? Photodynamic therapy is used in various medical treatments, including treating certain types of cancer, such as skin cancer, managing precancerous conditions, treating acne, and addressing certain eye conditions like age-related macular degeneration. 2. What are the three components of photodynamic therapy? The three components of photodynamic therapy are a photosensitizing agent (a light-sensitive drug), a specific wavelength of light, and oxygen. These components work together to target and destroy abnormal cells or tissues selectively. 3. What chemical is used in photodynamic therapy? The particular medical condition being treated will determine which chemical is used as a photosensitizing agent in photodynamic therapy. Some common agents include aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and methyl aminolevulinate (MAL). 4. How long will it take to recover from a session of photodynamic therapy? The recovery time after a photodynamic therapy session can vary depending on the treated area and the individual's response. Generally, the treated area's healing process may take several days to several weeks. 5. Are the results of photodynamic therapy permanent? The results of photodynamic therapy can vary depending on the specific condition being treated. Sometimes, PDT can provide long-term benefits, such as treating certain skin cancers. However, for conditions like acne, multiple treatment sessions may be required for sustained results.

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Esophagectomy is a surgical procedure. It is undertaken to remove part or whole of the esophagus, a tube that connects the mouth and stomach. It is generally referred to as a food pipe. This procedure removes the deceased from the damaged part of it and then reconstructs it using different tissue from the body, such as the stomach. This procedure is mainly used to treat. advanced esophageal cancer Barrett's esophagus (which can lead to cancer) End-stage achalasia with strictures. Esophagectomy Procedure Type Surgical type- Robotic / Open Alternate Name of Esophagectomy Transhiatal esophagectomy. Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. Body Location Behind the trachea in the thorax Preparation for Esophagectomy Surgery Before the surgery, the doctors will use various imaging techniques, such as computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as endoscopy with biopsies, and fine-needle biopsies, to determine which type of surgery is best suited for your condition. The doctor will then discuss all your concerns about the surgery and all the medications and treatments you have taken before the surgery, including allergies. You will be asked about your lifestyle habits such as smoking, diet, alcohol consumption, etc. You will be asked to stop having food or drink before the surgery to prevent aspiration. Sometimes you will be asked to be only on liquid for a day or two before the surgery. This surgery will be conducted on an empty stomach. Right before the surgery, you will be taken to the operation room. Doctors will then give you anesthesia. How is Esophagectomy Surgery Performed? This procedure involves removing a portion, or the whole esophagus, including part of the stomach and nearby lymph nodes, depending on the severity of the condition. It also depends on the stage of esophageal cancer and where it is located. Depending on your situation, the surgeon will choose one of the following types of esophagectomy. In an open esophagectomy, a large incision is made in the chest area, and the esophagus is removed from the neck, chest, or abdomen area, depending on the location of cancer or the disorder. The exact location of the incision is also the area of cancer. Once the esophagus is taken out, the surgeon then reconnects the remaining esophagus to the stomach, which is pulled up into the chest or neck area (depending on the type of esophagectomy). In Robotic few small incisions are made in the chest or abdomen. During laparoscopy, the surgeon inserts instruments, and a device with a camera through the incisions and the resected esophagus is removed through the incision. Follow up After Esophagectomy Surgery The doctor may suggest placing a small tube through the abdomen since feeding through the mouth is not recommended for a few weeks until the esophagus heals. After a few weeks, since the stomach size is reduced, it is important to eat small meals more frequently throughout the day. Due to this, most patients lose weight after surgery. Risks Associated with Esophagectomy Surgery A few main risks of esophagectomy include Bleeding from the surgical site Pneumonia or other infections Leaking from the area where the stomach and esophagus are attached Blood clots and symptoms caused by it Change in the voice Infection of the surgical site Problems with swallowing anything Leakage from the lymph nodes Recovery After Esophagectomy Surgery Most people will improve their quality of life once they fully recover. It is important to follow all the instructions given by your doctor post-op. You should try to make any adjustments necessary to your lifestyle, which can cause less stress on the esophagus and will also improve recovery. A few suggestions for recovery are: Change in diet Breathing exercises Medications for pain management Medications for problems with swallowing or heartburn. Any psychological care if necessary. Nutritional supplements help in malnutrition and weight loss. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Can you eat normally after esophagectomy? After esophagectomy, initially, a liquid followed by a soft diet is recommended, gradually progressing to solid foods. However, portion sizes and types of foods consumed may need to be adjusted to accommodate changes in digestion and swallowing. 2. How long will it take for me to resume normal activities after an esophagectomy? The recovery time for resuming normal activities after an esophagectomy varies for each individual. It typically takes two weeks to months to regain full strength and resume daily activities, depending on the patient's overall health and the extent of the surgery. 3. Will I need to stay in the hospital after an esophagectomy surgery? Yes, a hospital stay is typically required after an esophagectomy surgery. The length of the hospital stay can range from several days to a couple of weeks, depending on the patient's condition and the surgical approach used. 4. How painful is an esophagectomy? An esophagectomy is a major surgery, and some degree of pain and discomfort can be expected after the procedure. Your health expert may prescribe pain medications and employ strategies to manage pain effectively during the recovery period. 5. What dietary restrictions or modifications will I need to follow after an esophagectomy? After an esophagectomy, dietary restrictions and modifications may be necessary. These can include consuming smaller, more frequent meals, avoiding spicy and acidic foods, chewing thoroughly, and adopting an upright position while eating to aid digestion. 6. Can an esophagectomy surgery be performed minimally invasive or robotically? Yes, esophagectomy surgery can be performed using minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy or robotically assisted procedures. These approaches involve smaller incisions, resulting in reduced pain, shorter hospital stays, and potentially faster recovery. 7. Are there alternative treatments to an esophagectomy for esophageal conditions? The standard treatment is surgery. Alternative treatments for oesophagal conditions may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, endoscopic therapies, or targeted drug therapies. The suitability of alternative treatments will depend on individual condition and should be discussed with a doctor.

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Pancreatic surgery is performed to remove some portion of the pancreas or the entire pancreas, depending upon the patient's medical condition. Alternate Name of Pancreatic Surgery Pancreatectomy or pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) Body Location All disorders affecting your pancreas and its surrounding tissues are treated with pancreatic surgery, including: Pancreatic cysts Pancreatitis Primary pancreatic cancer Metastatic cancer of the pancreas Neuroendocrine cancer of the pancreas Ampullary cancer Bile duct cancer Duodenal cancer When is Pancreatic Surgery Recommended? The gastroenterologist may recommend pancreatic surgery in the following conditions: Pancreatic carcinoma Cysts in the pancreas Tumors of the pancreas Ampullary cancer Pancreatitis Cancer of the bile duct Tumors of the neuroendocrine system Cancer of the small intestine A pancreatic or small intestine injury Other tumors or illnesses of the bile duct, duodenum, or the pancreas Pancreatic Surgery Type Surgery is required for the majority of pancreatic cancer patients. Surgical procedures can be open, laparoscopic, or robotic. The possibilities are listed below: Staging laparoscopy: It's a key-hole surgery done under general anesthesia. A laparoscope, a special camera, examines your abdomen through three tiny incisions. Potentially curative surgery: It's utilized when the test findings and screenings indicate that the malignancy can be completely removed (resected). Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy): The top of the pancreas, the first section of a small intestine, the gallbladder, and the bile duct are all removed. Distal pancreatectomy: Distal pancreatectomy is a procedure that removes a tumor or cancer from the pancreas' body or tail. Total pancreatectomy: It is a surgical technique used to manage chronic pancreatitis after all other options have failed. The whole pancreas is removed during this surgery. Bypass surgery: Surgery to redirect the flow of bile from the common bile duct straight into the duodenum or small intestine, bypassing the pancreas, is another option for alleviating a clogged bile duct in patients who are healthy enough. Palliative surgery: Palliative surgery that does not destroy cancer tissue, such as a nerve block to inhibit pain messages in the nervous system or stent implantation to relieve the blockage, is not documented as cancer-directed surgery. Preparation for Pancreatic Surgery Understanding the steps before pancreatic surgery helps to plan. A cancer patient's case is one-of-a-kind. The doctor will go through every operation step with you in great detail. As a result, doctors will talk about the importance of pancreatic surgery with their patients before proceeding with the procedure. The doctor may prescribe certain medications for you to take before surgery. You should avoid alcohol one day before surgery. You should avoid tobacco in any form before the surgery. Pancreatic Surgery Procedure The doctor will check if pH, vital signs, blood sugar, and blood pressure levels are within normal limits. The operation will be postponed if any health indicators change abnormally. It can be done laparoscopically by small holes or open surgery by incision on abdomen. The incisions are closed or stapled back when the pancreatic surgery is completed. Nurses administer antiseptic and wrap the affected regions with cotton wool to prevent bleeding and infection. The cotton dressing is also used to keep the sutures intact. Pancreatic Surgery Risks Even in the best possible conditions, many patients experience difficulties due to the operation. These may include the following: Leakage: Leaking of fluid from the pancreas or the bile ducts. Bleeding: bleeding at the incision area may occur. Infection: Infection can happen inside the abdomen or around the incision. Diabetes: Permanent diabetes if the entire pancreas is removed. Weight loss: due to poor absorption of fat and vitamin, post-surgery weight loss occurs. Recovery After Pancreatic Surgery You will be given injections, medications, or pain relievers to help you sleep after successfully completing the pancreatic surgery. Your doctor regularly checks your vital signs. The doctor will take the requisite measures if the vital indicators are undesirable. If necessary, your system might be transfused with blood or glucose. Physiotherapy might start while you're in the hospital to maintain your body healthy. Post-op yoga or meditation can be incorporated into these sessions as well. These exercises can be repeated at home afterward. You will be permitted to return home if your health has significantly improved. Your doctor will create a food plan for you and some drugs you must take regularly. It is essential to intake a healthy diet to keep your body fit during the healing phase. Your body's tolerance level decreases after pancreatic surgery to a degree. As a result, a nutritious diet might make it easier for your body to tolerate harsh medications. Follow up After Pancreatic Surgery Follow-up consultations are required following pancreatic surgery. It demonstrates how well your rehabilitation is progressing. During follow-up exams, various tests may be performed to confirm that your health is in good working order. Temporary admission to a professional recovery center may be required for older persons and people with serious health problems. If you have concerns about your home rehabilitation, discuss them with your doctor and team. After four to six weeks, most patients can resume their normal activities. The length of time it takes for people to heal depends on their health before surgery and the delicacy of the procedure. A pancreatic cancer survivor who has his pancreas completely removed develops diabetes. Such people must take diabetic medications for the remainder of their lives and refrain from eating particular foods. Related Blogs Pancreatic Cancer: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis Understanding The Pancreas And Its Diseases: Acute Pancreatitis 5 Tips That Will Make You More Aware Of Pancreatic Cancer

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Glossectomy is the removal of a part of the tongue or the total removal of the tongue. Though glossectomy is a common medical term heard often, it is performed for major reasons like tongue cancers, throat cancers, and oral cavities found inside the mouth. Glossectomy is performed in all age groups starting from kids. Glossectomy, its operation, after-effects, symptoms, and the risks behind it will be discussed in this article. Body Location Tongue Glossectomy Procedure Type Surgical Types of Glossectomy Surgery There are three types of glossectomy, namely partial glossectomy, hemi glossectomy and Total glossectomy. Preparation for Glossectomy Surgery As glossectomy is a surgery, the patient must be prepared before the procedure, both physically and mentally. Certain physical examinations like X-rays, blood tests, CT scans of the patient will be taken. Anesthetics will check if the patient is allergic to the specific anesthesia. General anesthesia will be given to the patient who is undergoing the glossectomy. How is Glossectomy Surgery Performed? A glossectomy can be performed in three different ways, namely partial glossectomy, hemi glossectomy, and total glossectomy. In a partial glossectomy, only a part of the tongue will be removed. Furthermore, in a hemi glossectomy, only a half part of the tongue will be removed and the other half left as it is. Moreover, in a total glossectomy, the whole tongue will be removed. There may be difficulty in this type of glossectomy while swallowing or speaking. However, after recovery, the patient will be fine. The defect is reconstructed with local flap / free flap. Follow up After Glossectomy As the surgical process of a glossectomy is major, one needs to take care of themselves. There is a mandatory stay at the hospital of at least 10 days. Until the patient feels normal, a feeding tube will be provided by the hospital to intake food and water. Recovery is vital, especially during the days after the surgery of glossectomy. Recovery indicates how quickly and well the patient is taking things after the surgery. Though the initial recovery period might be a little hard for the patient in communicating and swallowing, with proper diet and medications, he/she will be better soon. As soon as the patient is recovered, the patient might start feeling normal while swallowing or speaking. The patient must make sure to take care of themself. Risks & Complications Associated with Glossectomy Surgery Bleeding: After the procedure, the patient may experience bleeding in the wound area. Infection: As the tongue is a sensitive region, and if the immune system is weak, infections may occur. Hematoma: Once the glossectomy is performed, the patient might experience hematoma, the collection of the blood outside the blood vessel. Salivary fistula: A salivary fistula is nothing but a hole that will result in saliva leakage from the tongue, reaching down the neck region. Recovery After Glossectomy Surgery Recovery is the main phase of any surgery, especially in glossectomy cases. Once the surgery is completed, the patient is advised to consume smooth and soft foods to avoid difficulties while eating. Also, whatever liquid is consumed by the patient must be thickened. By the end of recovery, one’s diet may be changed but for the betterment of the patient. As the tongue is the main part used for swallowing and communication, it may be quite hard for the patient at the beginning, but eventually, the patient will cope. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is glossectomy major surgery? Yes, glossectomy is considered a major surgery as it involves the removal of all or a part of the tongue to treat tongue cancer. 2. Can you talk after a glossectomy? Communication or talking after glossectomy can be challenging initially, but with speech therapy and alternative communication methods like sign language or assistive devices, individuals can regain the ability to talk. 3. How much does glossectomy cost in Delhi? The cost of glossectomy in Delhi can vary depending on several factors, including the hospital, surgeon, and specific requirements of the procedure. It is advisable to consult with a healthcare provider or hospital for accurate cost estimates. 4. What is the diet after a glossectomy? After glossectomy, a modified diet is recommended, initially consisting of a liquid diet followed by soft or pureed foods and gradually progressing to a regular diet as tolerated. Working with a speech therapist and nutritionist can help develop a suitable diet plan. 5. How do you exercise your tongue for a glossectomy? In glossectomy, tongue exercises prescribed by a speech therapist, such as tongue presses, lateral tongue movement, and tongue protrusion exercises, can aid in regaining tongue strength and mobility after glossectomy. 6. Does the tongue regenerate after surgery? The tongue does not regenerate fully after glossectomy, as it is not capable of complete regeneration like some other body tissues. However, the remaining portions of the tongue can adapt and compensate for lost function to some extent.

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In distal pancreatectomy, the tail and/or a portion of the pancreas are removed. The pancreas head is not affected in pancreatectomy. This surgery is uncommon for pancreatic cancer because most of the tumors arising beyond the head region of the pancreas are unresectable. Distal pancreatectomies are performed less often than resections of the pancreatic head. It is performed in the following cases: Chronic and recurrent inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) Pancreatic tumors in the body or tail Pancreatic cysts Pancreatic trauma Types of Distal Pancreatectomy Pancreatosplenectomy Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy Body Location Pancreas, Spleen Distal Pancreatectomy Procedure type Surgery, Minimally invasive surgery / Robotic Preparations for Distal Pancreatectomy Surgery The patient should stop taking blood thinners (aspirin, heparin, warfarin, or clopidogrel) They must consult a doctor if they are on any prescription medication, or over-the-counter drugs, herbs, minerals, or natural remedies. They must inform the surgeon if they have any implantable device, a problem with the anesthetic procedure, allergy to any drug, sleep apnea, or any other pre-existing clinical conditions. They must stop taking alcohol well before surgery. Withdrawal symptoms should be managed by medications. How is Distal Pancreatectomy Surgery Performed? The surgery is performed under general anesthesia and takes approximately 2-4 hours. Staging laparotomy is essential before resection. During a staging laparotomy, the surgeon inserts a scope (a camera with a light source) through a small incision (a surgical cut) in the abdomen. A staging laparotomy helps to examine the structures in the abdominal cavity and allows the doctor to stage the cancer of the pancreas. The surgery may be performed through an open procedure or minimally invasive procedures such as laparoscopically or by robotic-assisted surgery. There are also various surgical techniques depending upon the disease, extent of surgery, and surgeon’s expertise. Open distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy In this technique, the spleen is separated and mobilized first, and the resection of the pancreas is performed afterward. The tumor is resected completely preserving the surrounding healthy tissues. Surrounding lymph nodes may be removed. Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) In this technique, the neck of the pancreas is divided first, and mobilization of the spleen is performed at the ultimate step. The tumor is resected completely preserving surrounding healthy tissues. Surrounding lymph nodes may be removed. A spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy may be performed if there is no indication for spleen removal. Follow-up After Distal Pancreatectomy Surgery A regular follow-up per the surgeon’s recommendation is necessary for the following reasons: To understand if your pancreas is able to secrete sufficient digestive enzymes. Even though part of the pancreas will be removed, there’s usually enough of the pancreas left after the surgery to synthesize enzymes. If the pancreas doesn’t make enough digestive enzymes, the patient may have diarrhea and need to take enzyme medications. To understand if the remnant of the pancreas is making enough insulin after the surgery. In the rarest case, they may have high blood sugar and need a consultation with a diabetologist. Risks Associated with Distal Pancreatectomy SUrgery Along with general postoperative complications the major morbidity-associated complications with the procedure are as follows: Pancreatic fistula Intra-abdominal abscess Anastomotic failures Pneumonia Pulmonary embolism Wound infection Renal failure Recovery After Distal Pancreatectomy Surgery During the postoperative phase, patients are given pain medications and antibiotics. The patients are discharged from hospitals after 5-7 days post-surgery. Despite the complexity of the procedure, most people recover successfully. Patients must start moving as soon as feasible and keep doing exercise and maintain a proper diet to recover early. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is distal pancreatectomy major surgery? Yes, distal pancreatectomy is considered a major surgery as it involves the removal of a portion of the pancreas, typically the tail and body, to treat conditions such as tumours or pancreatic diseases. 2. How much pancreas is removed in distal pancreatectomy? In a distal pancreatectomy, a variable amount of the pancreas is removed, typically including the tail and a portion of the body. The extent of removal depends on the specific condition and surgical approach. 3. Can you live with only part of your pancreas? Yes, it is possible to live with only a part of the pancreas. The remaining portion can still function adequately in terms of producing digestive enzymes and regulating blood sugar levels in most cases. 4. Will I need to stay in the hospital after a distal pancreatectomy surgery? Yes, after a distal pancreatectomy surgery, hospital stay is typically required. The duration of the hospital stay depends on the patient's overall health and the extent of the surgery, typically 5-7 days. 5. What foods to avoid after distal pancreatectomy? After a distal pancreatectomy, it is advisable to avoid high-fat foods, spicy foods, and foods that are difficult to digest. It is best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized dietary recommendations. 6. How long does it take for the pancreas to heal after distal pancreatectomy? The healing time for the pancreas after a distal pancreatectomy varies for each individual. Generally, it can take several weeks to months for the pancreas to heal completely, depending on the patient's overall health. 7. Can a distal pancreatectomy surgery be performed laparoscopically? Yes, a distal pancreatectomy surgery can be performed laparoscopically/robotically. Laparoscopic techniques involve smaller incisions, resulting in reduced postoperative pain and faster recovery

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Radical prostatectomy is the procedure of surgical excision of the prostate gland completely, lymph nodes or the vas deferens (ducts for ejaculation). This is done to prevent the spreading of any cancerous tissue from the prostate to other parts of the body. The procedure can be done either as an open surgery or by laparoscopic means and even by robotic mediation. The patient can recover fully within a few weeks to a month and can even undergo light exercise like walking soon and go on to live long. Types of Radical Prostatectomy Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy Robotic Radical Prostatectomy Open Radical Prostatectomy Body Location Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is conducted in the prostate gland and the surrounding areas. Radical Prostatectomy Procedure Type Radical prostatectomy can be done both by open surgical method as well as by non-invasive methods like Robotic. Preparation for Radical Prostatectomy Surgery Pre-Operative Tests The doctor will monitor the physical conditions as well as the previous medical history of the patient. The tests done before surgery are blood tests (like Prostate Specific Antigen or PSA, blood sugar, blood pressure, etc.), urine tests, transrectal USG and biopsy of the prostate gland, and also cystoscopy (visual examination of the urethra and bladder). Pelvic and lower abdominal MRI or and bone scan is also recommended PSMA PET Scan is done to rule out metastasis. When to get admitted to the hospital Generally on the day of the surgery Medication Certain medications like blood thinners, pain killers, etc. would be restricted by the doctor before the surgery Diet before surgery Bowel prep diet is to be followed before surgery. This includes clear liquid meals and medications that help to clear the bowel and enema drugs that help to clear constipation. Radical Prostatectomy Surgery Procedure There are mainly two types of procedure for radical prostatectomy: 1. Open radical prostatectomy An incision is made at the lower abdominal area, and through this pore, the prostate and surrounding tissues are dissected from the body. 2. Robotic radical prostatectomy Several very fine pores of diameter less than 0.1 cm are made on the lower abdomen, and the surgeon removes the prostate through robot mediated controls and 3D camera vision. The prostate and tissue specimens are removed through a small bag through one expanded pore. Both the methods can be done by sparing the nerve bundles that control natural erection in males so as to prevent impotence post operation. But it can only be done when the cancer has not metastasized outside the prostate gland. Recovery After Radical Prostatectomy Surgery Recovery after radical prostatectomy is a gradual process. Fatigue is common, but exercises like light yoga, walking, and meditation can help in healing, though heavy exercises are to be avoided. Sexual healing can take months, and the doctor may prescribe certain erectile medications. Urinary incontinence will slowly subside with regular workouts for bladder control. Patients can go back to normal activities after 1-2 weeks post surgery, which may extend up to 4 weeks in case of open radical surgery. Regular hospital checkups and PSA tests are to be done to look out for any cancerous reoccurrences. Patients should communicate with friends and family and may even enroll to support groups to cope with the emotional turmoil. Follow up After Radical Prostatectomy Surgery Post-surgical follow-ups include pain medications through IV channels, followed by oral pain killer tablets. The doctor will suggest trying to walk by gradually stirring the feet and slowly the lower portion of the body post surgery. A liquid diet is mostly recommended during the hospital stay with semisolid foods. A drain is attached to the site of incision for removing excess fluid. The drain is removed after 1-2 days. Patients are generally discharged after two to three days after surgery, provided that all tests show positive results. Patients are discharged with a catheter attached to the bladder and a urine bag for urine disposal. The catheter should be cleaned occasionally, and any unnatural blood clots must be reported. This is removed after 5-14 days or as the doctor deems fit. Urine incontinence will continue even after catheter removal extending up to a year, during which the patient may use adult diapers. Risks Factors of Radical Prostatectomy Surgery The risks associated with radical prostatectomy are as follows : Occasional bleeding Blood clotting Infection of the urinary tract Erectile dysfunction Urinary incontinence Hernia Breathing problems Lymphocele (Lymph filled cysts) may occur Contraction of the urethral and bladder opening. Related Blogs Common Urologic Conditions and Their Surgical Treatment Options 5 Symptoms Every Man Should Know About Prostate Cancer

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Reconstructive surgery is all about repairing and restoring normal appearance and function to body parts malformed by a disease or medical condition. Reconstructive surgery can help recondition the body part and reshape bodily structures affected by birth defects, abnormalities, trauma, injuries, infections, tumors, and disease etc. In order to repair the damage, you may need a type of surgery called reconstructive surgery. Multiple conditions that can be treated by this procedure are- Conditions like cleft lip and palate, ear deformities such as constricted ears, and ‘autogenous ear reconstruction’ for the treatment of microtia (birth defects of a baby's ear), hands and upper limb injuries, cranial and facial deformations, birthmarks etc. Conditions that develop or occur after birth such as cancer conditions, especially cancer of the skin, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and sarcoma cancer, severe infections, reconstructive repair of facial trauma etc. Conditions that affect the hand including nerve compression, paralysis, arthritis, ganglions, etc. Cosmetic surgery is the surgery that aims to improve a person's appearance, rather than for medical reasons. Reconstructive Surgery Procedure Type Reconstructive surgery comes under surgical procedure. Techniques Used in Reconstructive Surgery The main techniques used by plastic surgeons in reconstructive procedures are skin grafts, tissue expansion, flap surgery, and microsurgery. How Reconstructive Surgery is Performed? Prior to having reconstructive surgery, you must have a consultation with your plastic surgeon about all the dos and don'ts before and after the surgery, any risks, or any other doubt about the surgery. Reconstructive surgery is performed by using the tissue of one area of the body to repair any other part of the body. For example, you might have a cleft lip and palate to treat, so surgeons can repair the incompletely fused area of the lip and palate by using local flaps and grafts. Or you may also have been born with birth defects of the hand – like where a child has been born with too many or too few digits. Plastic surgeons can rectify such kinds of birth defects by using this procedure. Procedure of Reconstructive Surgery Pre-operative tests There are some pre-operative tests that your surgeon will suggest, prior to surgery, such as- Blood tests such as a complete blood count (CBC), blood sugar tests Clotting time and bleeding time Liver and kidney tests Lung function test MRI, CT scan, endoscopy Chest x-ray to check your lungs ECG (electrocardiogram) to check your heart Diet before the Reconstructive surgery procedure You must not consume green tea, liquor, processed food, refined carbohydrates, vitamin E, caffeinated beverages, carbonated beverages, smoking etc. You should consume fresh fruits, fish, vegetables, avocados, whole grains etc. Drink plenty of water to keep your digestion working well and your skin clear. Stop taking all nutritional and herbal supplements (vitamins, herbals, minerals etc.) at least 2-3 weeks prior to surgery. Follow-up Care After Reconstructive Surgery Take your medications on time. If you have been prescribed antibiotics, then complete the full course of antibiotic medicines. Follow your doctor's instructions while icing, do not place ice packs or cold compresses directly against your skin. Icing will help reduce your swelling and discomfort. Swelling will subside in time. Consume light food after 1-2 days of surgery. Have plenty of water. Inform the doctor immediately if you feel feverish or the temperature goes above 100 degrees. Check your temperature regularly. Risks/Complications of Reconstructive Surgery As with any type of surgery, plastic surgery has associated risks such as- Blood loss - Sometimes excessive blood loss may occur during the surgery that may lead to drop in blood pressure or other complications. Hematoma - Blood clotting outside the blood vessels that leads to painful bruises. Risk of Infection Numbness and tingling can be experienced occasionally after the surgery. Blood clotting Reaction to anesthesia may lead to rashes, nausea, vomiting, shivering, etc. Not much satisfied with the new appearance. Recovery of Reconstructive Surgery The recovery process depends on the procedure performed, and it varies from person to person. Usually, the initial healing of the wound takes around 2-3 weeks. It does take several months for a complete recovery to swelling, changes in skin sensation, and bruising of the skin to resolve. Especially for patients who have gone through radiation therapy for breast cancer treatment. Because radiation damages the cells to a microscopic level, which makes it hard for cells and tissues to heal quickly. The healing process will continue, but scar lines will mitigate over time, but it is uncertain that they will vanish completely. Patients can carry out their daily activities for 1-2 months after the surgery. Before you leave the hospital, you must discuss with your surgeon what preventives need to be taken and how to look after the surgical site. For a quick recovery, you need to rest well during the first week and avoid heavy exercise, smoking, driving, and stress. Frequently Asked Questions 1. What are the most common types of reconstructive surgery procedures? The most common types of reconstructive surgery procedures are: Breast reconstruction after mastectomy Facial reconstruction following trauma or cancer surgery, Hand surgery to restore functionality Skin grafts for wound healing 2. How long is the recovery period after reconstructive surgery? The recovery period after reconstructive surgery differs and depends on the procedure and the individual's healing process. It can range from a few weeks to several months, with follow-up visits and rehabilitation as necessary. 3. Are there non-surgical alternatives to consider before opting for reconstructive surgery? Yes, there are non-surgical alternatives that may be considered before opting for reconstructive surgery. These can include non-invasive treatments like physical therapy, medications, orthotic devices, or cosmetic procedures such as injectables or laser treatments, depending on the specific condition and desired outcome. 4. Can reconstructive surgery be performed on both adults and children? Yes, reconstructive surgery can be performed on both adults and children. Paediatric reconstructive surgery addresses congenital anomalies, birth defects, or injuries, while adult reconstructive surgery may involve addressing trauma, cancer-related conditions, or functional impairments. 5. Can reconstructive surgery be performed after a traumatic injury or accident? Yes, reconstructive surgery can be performed after a traumatic injury or accident to repair and restore the affected area. It can help reconstruct damaged tissues, bones, or organs, improve functionality, and enhance the appearance of the affected area. 6. Can reconstructive surgery help restore function and mobility in patients with musculoskeletal conditions? Yes, reconstructive surgery can help restore function and mobility in patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Procedures such as joint replacement, tendon repair, or limb reconstruction can improve movement, alleviate pain, and enhance the quality of life for patients with musculoskeletal issues. Related Blogs Robotic Surgery for Gynaecological Cancer: Conditions, Complications, and Treatment Benefits Of Robotic-Assisted Surgery vs Traditional Surgery Common Urologic Conditions and Their Surgical Treatment Options Head and Neck Cancer Brain Tumour Treatment: What Are The Surgical & Non-Surgical Options? What Are The Different Types, Procedures And Risks Of Bariatric Surgery?

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Mohs Surgery is a type of advanced skin cancer treatment generally used to treat SCCs (squamous cell carcinomas) or BCCs (basal cell carcinomas). It works to treat skin-based cancer issues using medical and cosmetic surgery steps. Most skin cancers cannot benefit from Mohs surgery, but it effectively removes total facial-based skin cancer cells with clear-cut margins. The success rate of this surgical procedure is high, with a 95% success rate for recurring cancers and a 99% rate for new cancer. In addition, it is effective in treating larger tumors with 2 cm diameter or aggressive histological tumors, or those that occur in embryological facial cleavage plans, like behind/front of the ear or nose creases. Mohs Surgery Procedure Type Noninvasive procedure. Alternate Name of Mohs Surgery Mohs Micrographic Surgery Body Location Facial skin; around the lips, eyes, ears, fingers, nose, fingers, genitals, and toes Preparation for Mohs Surgery There are not many preparation-based steps that patients have to handle since the main procedure completes in a single visit under stages. However, you have to wait between these stages as the surgeon checks the cancer cell positioning in the lab on-site. The necessary preparation steps involve: Flowy clothing The patients must wear soft and comfortable clothing for a smoother skin tissue removal and examination process. You can wear breathable fabric-made clothing for more accessible spot marking and tissue removal. Alternatively, wearing a hospital gown is also suitable for a more extended stay at the facility. Proper positioning The doctor would check the area of a previous biopsy during the Mohs surgery for easier marking. So, it would help if you lay face up or sit up for easier access. How Mohs Surgery Performed? During the surgical procedure, the surgeons mark the zones/margins of the tumor. Next, the anesthesiologist in the team administers local anesthesia in the region. Then, the surgeon resects a narrow 0.5 mm to 2 mm margin of the tumor. Finally, they apply an electric current to stop bleeding from the capillaries. The wound dries up, and the team dresses it with a more significant pressure dressing. Then, the patient can return to their examination room, where the team sends the color-coded specimen to the lab for evaluation. The lab technicians use microscope slides using microtomes for the surgeons to examine. Dermatologists in the team also process and evaluate the pathology site to check for tumor recession. If no tumor is left in the region, the doctor will conduct delicate plastic-centric surgical wound reconstruction in the operating theatre. However, if tumor specimens remain, the patient would undergo additional tissue removal surgery from the region that has the roots. Usually, it takes two rounds to detect and remove the skin cancer tissues under Mohs surgery. Follow up After Mohs Surgery Generally, the surgical wounds during the Mohs surgery are not sutured up. Instead, the round wounds are left to heal naturally; this process takes longer. The surgeons can also use the Mohs reconstruction surgery steps to manually close the surgical defect using skin grafts or skin flaps. In some cases, the surgical wounds are big or have more complications. Doctors suture them up temporarily and then later conduct repairs via a reconstructive surgeon. Keep the pressure dressing on the affected region for at least 24 hours after the surgery. Clean the area with mild soap and water gently during the bath, and apply antimicrobial medication on the wound before dressing it again. Keep the area elevated during sleep and have oral antibiotics that the doctor prescribed to avoid infections. Also, do not apply any harsh chemicals or makeup on your skin. Risks Associated with Mohs Surgery There are not many complications possible after Mohs surgery if you go to a trained surgeon for the procedure. However, some risks are possible: Medication reaction: Some patients notice hypersensitivity to certain medications during the Mohs surgery. That causes skin reactions. Inflammation: The skin can bruise or swell up after the procedure for some patients. Infection: Bruises or bleeding are possible. Severe pain and infections are common risk factors, further leading to scarring. Delayed healing: Some patients notice prolonged healing in the affected region after the procedure. Recovery for Mohs Surgery The recovery from the Mohs surgical procedure depends on how well the wound heals. It takes around 1-2 weeks for the small incisions that are sutured up to dry and then close up. For other incisions, the healing period can take around 3 to 4 weeks. Big wounds take longer to heal up, or applying heavy pressure on the affected region can also slow healing. So, it would help if you avoid heavy lifting or excessive movement to let the skin heal properly. Also, avoid smoking and cover the facial skin from extreme sun exposure. Contact our healthcare experts and book your appointment soon! Frequently Asked Questions 1. How does Mohs surgery achieve a high cure rate compared to other treatment options? Mohs surgery achieves a high cure rate by allowing the surgeon to examine the removed tissue immediately, ensuring complete removal of cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. It is particularly effective for skin cancers with ill-defined borders or high recurrence rates. 2. Can Mohs surgery be performed on any part of the body, including sensitive areas or those with limited tissue? Yes, Mohs surgery can be performed on any part of the body, including sensitive areas or those with limited tissue. Its meticulous approach allows for tissue preservation while maximising cancer removal, making it suitable for areas where tissue conservation is critical. 3. Can Mohs surgery be combined with other treatment modalities, such as radiation therapy or reconstructive surgery? Yes, Mohs surgery can be combined with other treatment modalities. It can be followed by reconstructive surgery to restore the appearance and function of the treated area. It may also be combined with radiation therapy in certain cases to ensure comprehensive cancer treatment. 4. Can Mohs surgery leave visible scars or affect the cosmetic appearance of the treated area? The goal is to minimise scarring, but there is still a possibility of visible scars after surgery. The final cosmetic appearance depends on various factors and individual healing. 5. What is the success rate of Mohs surgery? Mohs surgery has a high success rate, with cure rates typically ranging from 95% to 99% for primary skin cancers. Its meticulous nature ensures high precision in removing cancerous tissue, reducing the chance of cancer recurrence compared to other treatment options. 6. Why do dermatologists do Mohs surgery? Dermatologists perform Mohs surgery because it allows for precise removal of skin cancers while preserving healthy tissue. It offers the highest cure rates and is particularly beneficial for treating skin cancers on the face and delicate areas.

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A vaccine is a tool to help the body's immune system to fight viruses and infections. Vaccines used to prevent or treat cancer are called Cancer Vaccines. The vaccine is administered to individuals who are at risk of contracting a virus and developing cancer and also to treat certain cancers. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the following vaccines for cancer: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Hepatitis B virus(HBV) vaccine BCG live vaccine Sipuleucel-T vaccine Talimogene laherparepvec vaccine Alternate Name of Cancer Vaccines HPV vaccine, Hepatitis B vaccine, BCG live Body Location Immune system Cancer Vaccines Procedure Type Invasive vaccine injection Preparation for Cancer Vaccines Children, teenagers, and people who are exposed to a particular cancer-causing virus need to be vaccinated as a precautionary measure. All medications taken for some other condition must not be taken before vaccination or informed to local health care providers. Some vaccines require a trial dose to monitor and analyse their effects in smaller quantities in case it has been given for treating cancer. One need not be admitted as it is an outpatient department procedure. Individuals undergoing treatment for cancer need to be admitted. No fasting is required. Procedure for Cancer Vaccines Vaccines used to prevent cancer Certain viruses like HPV and HBV can cause cancer. The viruses have antigens that can be recognised by the vaccine. The vaccine helps our immune cells recognise the virus antigen, bind to it, and completely destroy the virus. These include the HPV vaccine and HBV vaccine. It is administered to children and teenagers as they may get exposed to the virus during their growth years. It is given in stages of initial dose, second and/or third dose in intervals. Vaccines used to treat cancer Some cancers can be successfully treated through vaccines like prostate cancer, melanomas cancer, and bladder cancers. The tumour cells also contain antigens that the vaccine recognises and helps the immune system differentiate them from normal cells. Once the immune system is trained, it will start killing all abnormal cancer cells. This category includes BCG live vaccine, Sipuleucel-T vaccine, and Talimogene laherparepvec vaccine. It is given in stages of initial dose, second and/or third dose in intervals. Follow up of Cancer Vaccines No, follow-up is generally required for preventive cancer vaccination. Patients with cancer need to follow up regularly with their oncologist and local health care provider. Certain cancers may also require chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy sessions to completely eradicate the residual tumour. Medications need to be regularly taken and followed up with an oncologist for changes or modifications in the rehabilitation phase. Risks of Cancer Vaccines Weakened immune system: Some people may experience an increased infection rate and fever due to a weakened immune system. The vaccines may sometimes cause a reversal of immunity. This is rare and can be minimised with thorough screening before vaccination. Size of the tumour: A vaccine may not be able to eliminate a tumour completely. The tumour may reduce in size in most cases. The residual tumour is then treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy sessions. Response to the vaccine in older individuals: Older individuals have a weaker immune system and may not respond as predicted to the cancer vaccines. Tumour cell appearance: Cancer cells grow uncontrollably in most cases of malignancies. Our immune system may fail to recognise or differentiate cancer cells from normal cells. This can lead to a failed response and recurrence of cancer. Recovery for Cancer Vaccines Preventive cancer vaccines may sometimes cause an initial weakness, lethargy, and or fever which usually subsides spontaneously. However, one can resume all activities once fit enough. Cancer patients receiving vaccines may need a longer recovery time due to the Chemotherapy sessions. One is encouraged to move and sit up more frequently to prevent blood clots in limbs. Some may benefit from Rehabilitation sessions for daily activities. Frequently Asked Questions 1. What are cancer vaccines? They are cancer antigen-related peptides targeted to prevent cancer. Each type of vaccine targets specific aspects of cancer cells to stimulate an immune response against them. 2. What is the cost of a cancer vaccine in India? The cost of cancer vaccines in India can vary depending on the specific vaccine, the healthcare provider, and other factors. 3. How long does it typically take for cancer vaccines to develop an immune response? The time it takes for cancer vaccines to generate an immune response varies depending on the vaccine type and individual factors. In general, it may take several weeks to months for the immune system to respond and develop a significant anti-cancer immune response after vaccination. 4. Are cancer vaccines effective in preventing cancer from developing? Cancer vaccines are primarily effective in preventing certain types of cancer from developing, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines that can prevent cervical cancer, anal cancer, and other HPV-related cancers. However, the effectiveness of cancer vaccines in preventing other types of cancer may vary. 5. What types of cancer can be targeted by cancer vaccines? Cancer vaccines can target various types of cancer, such as: Prostate Cancer Cervical Cancer Liver Cancer Bladder Cancer Lung Cancer Vaccines stimulate the immune response against specific cancer cells, helping prevent or treat these cancers. Related Blogs Cervical Cancer On The Rise: Late-stage Treatment Options The Role Of Immunotherapy In The Treatment Of Advanced-Stage Cancers What is Cancer and Its Different Types?

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Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to target and kill cancerous cells. It is a blanket term covering several treatments. Some boost the body's disease-fighting abilities, while others train the body to attack only certain kinds of cells found in tumors. One of the many treatments is checkpoint inhibitors. They treat cancers such as lung cancer and melanoma cancer (skin cancer) by blocking proteins that prevent the immune system from attacking cancerous cells in the body. Alternate Name of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Monoclonal antibodies Body Location Immune system Procedure Type of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Intravenous procedure Preparation of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors The patient needs to keep certain points in mind before treatment begins: Any unusual or allergic reactions to the prescribed drug must be brought to the physician's attention. Blood tests are required before each treatment. Other drugs interact with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Patients need to consult their doctors and pharmacists before taking any sort of medication during this time. Specific immune checkpoint inhibitors may damage sperm or harm babies during pregnancy. It is best to use birth control during treatment till at least five months after the last dose. Patients should not breastfeed during treatment. Doctors, dentists, and other professionals need to be informed of the patient's treatment before getting another treatment from them. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Procedure The human body's immune system fights diseases and keeps it healthy by protecting it from viruses and bacteria. T cells contain checkpoint proteins on the surface which turn on for an immune response and proteins to turn it off. For example, in the case of an infection, checkpoint proteins will instruct the T cell to become active and destroy the foreign body. However, if T cells remain active for too long, they can also end up destroying healthy cells. Hence, other checkpoint proteins instruct T cells to switch off. Some cancer cells produce high protein levels that can cause the T cells to switch off instead of attacking them. Here, the T cells fail to recognize cancerous cells or kill them. Checkpoint inhibitors are drugs that block the checkpoint proteins. They stop the protein on the cancerous cells and activate the immune system. T cells can now locate and attack cancer cells easily. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are usually administered intravenously (through veins in the arm). This procedure typically lasts for thirty to ninety minutes every two to four weeks. The number of treatment sessions will vary based on the type of cancer and the drugs given. Recovery After Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Procedure Tumors see a significant reduction in size over 18-24 months depending on the drug, the treatment, and the type of tumor being targeted. Patients need to make follow-up appointments with their oncologists or concerned physician regularly. Blood work, as well as CT scans, need to be taken periodically as well. Patients with caregivers or family members looking after them need to ensure that these helpers will be handling body fluids and constantly need to keep their hands clean. As nutrition may be affected, food rich in fiber may help patients respond better to certain treatments and drugs. Diabetes Hepatitis Hypophysitis Myocarditis Nephritis Follow Up After Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Procedure The procedure can take anywhere between thirty and ninety minutes, depending on the drug used and the treatment plan decided by the physician. Once the procedure is completed, the patient can be asked to wait for observation, depending on how they feel. If they feel fine, they can leave almost immediately after, with permission from the physician in charge. This is an ambulatory/outpatient procedure, which means the patient can leave the same day without requiring an overnight hospital stay unless they show severe symptoms. It always helps to have someone with the patient who can drive them home in case of any fatigue or tiredness from the treatment. Risks Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors The side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors include Rash Diarrhea Fatigue/tiredness Dry cough and breathlessness Nausea Skin rash, itchy skin Poor appetite Constipation Muscle and joint pain, numbness Some rare, serious side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors include Infusion reactions: Some patients may have allergic reactions such as fever, chills, itchy skin, dizziness, and wheezing while getting the drugs for treatment. They need to be brought to the doctor's attention immediately. Autoimmune reactions: Since the treatment drugs target checkpoint proteins, they essentially stop the "brakes" of the immune system. This, in turn, can cause the immune system to attack other parts of the body, causing life-threatening problems to the lungs, intestines, liver, and other organs. Corticosteroids are then administered to counter it. Related Blogs Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment Side Effects, Risks & Benefits The Role Of Immunotherapy In The Treatment Of Advanced-Stage Cancers Advancements in Targeted Therapy for Melanoma: Current Successes and Future Prospects Cervical Cancer On The Rise: Late-stage Treatment Options What Are The Survival Rates of Lung Cancer in Different Stages?

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What is Biological Therapy? Biological treatment means the method of treatment of a particular disease by either activating or suppressing the immune system of a human body. The biological treatment by which the response of the immune system is increased is called activation immunotherapy. There is another alternative method where the immunity is suppressed for the purpose of treatment. That type of biological treatment is called suppression immunotherapy. In simple terms, biological therapy is a method of treating cancer by boosting the immunity system of the body to fight against cancer. Since biological treatment entails controlling the immune system, it is also called immunotherapy. The other name of biological therapy is biotherapy. Biological therapy is also called biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. How Does Biological Therapy Work? Our immune system is the defender against the attacks of viruses and bacteria. In biological therapy, the immune system of your body is used to identify and destroy cancer cells. Biological therapy works in the manner as stated: Restricting or mitigating the growth of cancer cells. Helping the immune system find the cancer cells more easily so that they may be destroyed. Increasing the ability to kill cancer cells. Stopping the spread of the cancer cells to the various parts of the body from the point of origin. Preparation for Biological Therapy The first level of preparation for biological therapy is on the part of the medical expert who is going to carry out the therapy. The person needs to ascertain that biological therapy is absolutely essential for the treatment of the patient. If the patient suffers from pre-existing conditions like a weak immune system, bad heart conditions, neurological ailments, the doctors may not carry out biological therapy. Once the doctor decides to carry out biological therapy on a person, the patient needs to be carefully counseled before the therapy is carried out. It should be explained to the patient that conditions demand this therapy; its possible side effects should also be explained transparently. The importance of counseling increases if the patient is young, as the shock factor on the person cannot be ruled out. At the time of counseling and preparing the patient for biological therapy, minute but critical things like staying clear of infections, etc., should be made clear. Biological Therapy Procedure Depending on the type of cancer immunotherapy or biological therapy is expected to fight, there are various ways of performing the therapy. Some of the common ways of performing biological therapy are: Intravenous – directly through veins through injections. Subcutaneous – under the skin through injections. Intramuscularly – into the muscle through injections. Intravesical – directly into the bladder through injections. Apart from the above, certain types of biological therapies are administered in the cavity positioned at the location of the tumor. In the case of skin cancer, biological therapy may be done in the form of the application of a cream. The cream is applied to the affected area. Immunotherapy can also be oral. There are capsules that may be taken for the purpose of biological therapy. Recovery Time for Biological Therapy The timeline for recovery post-biological therapy varies from case to case. It is a long-drawn process of treatment, where the patients have to go back to the clinic every month, every three months, or every six months, depending on the gravity of the situation. Risks and Side Effects of Biological Therapy The common side effects of biological therapy are: Diarrhea Nausea Chills Fever Body aches Vomiting Skin rashes Fatigue Loss of appetite Related Blogs Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment Side Effects, Risks & Benefits Recent Developments in the Treatment of Parkinsons Disease What is Cancer and Its Different Types? 15 Foods That Can Help Fight Cancer Skin Cancer Treatment: Surgery and its Side Effects

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Tomotherapy is an advanced method to deliver radiation treatment to fight cancer. Tomotherapy is a type of radiation therapy. This process combines a 3D image study of the cancerous region, patient positioning, treatment planning, and delivery into a single integrated system. The equipment used for tomotherapy is a Computed Tomography System or CT system. With the use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), tomotherapy matches the radiation intensity that is to be delivered to the tumors, keeping the healthy tissues around it safe. Alternate Name of Tomotherapy Tomo Therapy Body Location Tomotherapy is a method that treats cancer tumors which are present anywhere in the body. Tomotherapy Procedure Type Non-invasive Preparation for Tomotherapy You are likely to be asked by your doctor to follow a specific diet before the procedure. You may be asked by your doctor to either avoid certain medications or stop them altogether. Before beginning the tomotherapy treatment, your doctor will use special software and 3D images to define the contours of each tumor. They will also decide the amount of radiation each tumor will receive. From this point onward, the technology will calculate the best position, pattern, and intensity of the radiation that is to be delivered. Tomotherapy Procedure For each session of tomotherapy and effective radiation treatment, precise patient positioning is important. Therefore, to verify the position and location of the tumor, your doctor will take a CT scan before each tomotherapy treatment. This step is crucial, since a change in position may also change the locations of tumors. Especially with some tumors, such as prostate cancer, the shift and the change happen daily. With advanced tomotherapy, doctors can ensure that the radiation is directed accurately from one session to the next. The next step is the most important step of radiation delivery, through intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with a circular or spiral delivery pattern. This pattern ensures that radiation is delivered to the patient from all sides, which further guarantees that the treatment is confined only to the tumor. During the tomotherapy treatment, you will be asked to lie on a couch that moves constantly inside the equipment through a rotating ring. Radiation is therefore delivered from each angle (360 degrees) as the couch moves and turns through the gantry. Recovery After Tomotherapy Most of the side effects that are caused due to tomotherapy usually subside after the treatment ends. However, you may continue to feel tired for about four to six weeks after you receive your last tomotherapy treatment. While you will need extra rest as your tissues will heal and regenerate, you need to be gentle and careful with your skin in the treatment area, as your skin will require more time to heal. It is also important to note that side effects can recur after several months or even years after the treatment. It is best to speak to your doctor regarding measures you can take to recover faster and curb any recurring side effects. Follow Up After Tomotherapy The tomotherapy procedure follows an outpatient treatment schedule and generally includes daily treatments that range from one week to eight weeks. Once your therapy is over, you will need to visit your oncologists and radiologists to review the progress and monitor the results of the treatment or therapy. Risks Associated with Tomotherapy The potential risks and side effects of tomotherapy are moderate and do not last long. The possible side effects vary from patient to patient depending on the size of the tumor and its location, radiation dosage, and treatment plan, a few common risks include: Headache and nausea Dry eyes, mouth, and throat Hair loss Fatigue Skin irritation and rashes Difficulty in eating Loss of appetite Changes in the bladder or urinary systems Related Blogs Tomotherapy - What to Expect? Tomotherapy: Where Precision and Efficiency Meet Health Advancements in Targeted Therapy for Melanoma: Current Successes and Future Prospects What is Cancer and Its Different Types?

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Stereotactic radiosurgery is a non-invasive procedure that applies focused therapeutic radiation to brain tumors, cancers in various parts of the body, blood vessel malformations, and even some nervous conditions. Unlike its conventional counterpart, SRS is considered unconventional surgery as it does not require incisions. With 3D imaging, high doses of radiation are delivered to small areas to damage the DNA of affected cells, making tumors shrivel. Typically, SRS of the brain and spine are completed in a single session. Alternate Name of Stereotactic Radiosurgery Scientific name: Stereotactic Radiosurgery SRS applied to body tumors: Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Body Location Brain, nervous system, blood vessels, lungs and other body parts. Stereotactic Radiosurgery Procedure Type Non-invasive radiosurgery Preparation for Stereotactic Radiosurgery A CT scan or MRI is often ordered before the procedure as per the patient treatment plan. Structuring the treatment plan and studying the scans to understand the location and size of the tumor are all part of the pre-planning process. Devices or implants such as pacemakers, stents, implanted pumps, artificial heart valves, and any medication being taken by the patient must be brought to the physician's attention. Before the surgery, the patient needs to keep the following points in mind: Food must not be consumed after midnight, the day before the surgery. Patients should remove their makeup and jewellery and avoid hair products such as hair spray and mousse. Patients must remove their sunglasses, contact lenses, and dentures before treatment. Stereotactic Radiosurgery Procedure Stereotactic radiosurgery takes place in four phases: Head frame placement Tumor location imaging Computerized dose planning Radiation delivery The surgery is broadly divided into three types: Gamma Knife Radiosurgery In the first phase, medication is administered to the patient and contrast (if required) for imaging. The head frame is attached to the patient's skull to restrict movement and guide the Gamma knife beams to the affected portion.An MRI or CT scan is taken to study the tumor's exact location in relation to the head frame. This helps minimize damage to the surrounding cells as well. This process can be done a day before to improve the efficiency of the treatment.The patient can relax for an hour or two in the next phase. The specialized team identifies the tumor(s) to be treated and develops a treatment plan using special computer software.After this, the treatment team steps into the control area to begin the patient's treatment. The patient will be able to converse with the physician the entire time and be seen by the treatment team.The machine is quiet, and the patient does not feel anything during this time. Based on the machine model and the treatment plan, the procedure may be continuous or broken into smaller parts, concluding in less than an hour or up to four hours. Linear Accelerator Radiosurgery (LINAC) The four phases of this surgery are the same, but LINAC technology is more common. The head frame is optional as well.While the Gamma Knife remains unmoving, the gantry of the LINAC machine rotates around the patient to deliver the planned radiation beams from different angles. Cyber Knife (Robotic Arm with LINAC) The four phases of this surgery are the same. The treatment is done with or without a frame or mask. The LINAC machine situated on the Robotic Arm moves around patients to deliver therapy. Recovery After Stereotactic Radiosurgery Once the patient is home, they can resume their normal activities in no time. During follow-up sessions, the neurology and neurosurgery team will monitor the patient's progress from their MRI and CT scans. Therapy typically only requires a single treatment. However, if some lesions persist, they may need more than one treatment session and will likely finish within five. Some conventional radiation therapies can need up to ten sessions, depending on the nature of the diagnosis and treatment plan. Cancer patients should regularly visit their radiation oncologists to test for recurring or new cancers. Often, patients see a steady decline in tumor size over 18-24 months. Follow Up After Stereotactic Radiosurgery Once the procedure is complete, the head frame (if used) will be removed. The patient may experience minor bleeding or tenderness at the pin sites. There is no cause for worry unless the pain becomes unbearable. If the patient experiences any headache, nausea, or vomiting, medications are administered. The patient is then moved to the recovery area, where they will be kept under observation until the treatment team is convinced that the patient is well and can be discharged. Since the procedure is an outpatient surgery, if the patient shows no side effects, they can often leave the same day. Risks Associated with Stereotactic Radiosurgery Side effects of stereotactic radiosurgery are usually temporary. These may include - Fatigue Swelling Scalp and hair problems Red, peeling, or blistering skin Gastrointestinal indicators such as vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea Neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, numbness or tingling, and even weakness Difficulty swallowing Rarely do side effects such as brain or neurological problems occur. Radiation may slightly increase the risk of cancer as well. Related Blogs Brain Tumour Treatment: What Are The Surgical & Non-Surgical Options? 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Internal Radiation Therapy Internal radiation therapy is an effective treatment option for treating various cancers such as the brain, eye, cervix, prostate, skin, vaginal, uterine, mouth, breast, etc. It involves the placement of radioactive pellets inside the tumor or next to it. Radiations from the radioactive substance kill the cancerous cells. Internal radiation therapy can specifically target the cancer cells and spare the healthy tissues or cells. Alternate Name Brachytherapy Body Location Cancers of the brain, eye, cervix, prostrate, breasts, etc. How Is It Performed? Internal radiation therapy is performed under sedatives and anesthesia to block the pain and sensation. The radioactive pellets are placed inside or near the tumor using an applicator device or a catheter. Depending upon the cancer and its stage, the pellets could be placed during the active treatment or permanently, as follows: High-dose-rate (HDR): High-dose radiations are transmitted from the implant for around 10-20 minutes, and then the implant is removed. Depending upon the type of cancer, the frequency of treatment could vary from a few days to a few weeks. Permanent implant: Also known as seed implantation, this technique employs placing seed-sized implants that emit radiation for 24 hours until the radiation has faded away. Preparation   Before the treatment, you might need to undergo some blood tests, including bleeding time or clotting time to determine your suitability for the procedure. In addition, depending upon the location of the cancer, you might need to undergo a pre-anesthesia check-up (PAC) or anesthesia sensitivity testing. Diet before the procedure: Make sure to not eat at least 6-8 hours before the procedure to avoid any complications. Medications: You need to take your medications before the procedure in consultation with your doctor. You might be advised to stop certain drugs like aspirin before the procedure. You should reach the hospital at least 2-4 hours in advance, as you will be kept under observation for some time before the procedure. Procedure Type Surgical Follow-up You should complete your follow-ups as per the schedule to ensure a complication-free recovery. You must avoid coming in contact with pregnant women and children for a few days, if you have permanent radioactive implants. In addition, you should take proper rest as recommended by your doctor and not overexert. Avoid bending or excessive stretching for a few weeks and seek help from your family members or friends. You can start returning to your routine activities in a few days. However, avoid strenuous exercises such as running, weight lifting, etc., for about a month or more. Make sure to adhere to the follow-up plan with your surgeon to assess the recovery and the need for any additional interventions. Risks Being a targeted therapy, internal radiation therapy is safer; however, the risks associated with this therapy could vary depending upon the type of cancer and the location. The side effects or risks could include the following: Nausea or vomiting Bowel movement change Diarrhea or constipation Hair loss Sores in mouth Difficulty in urination Erectile dysfunction Cough Shortness of breath Fatigue Headaches Skin irritation Painful sexual intercourse Vaginal dryness Localised bleeding and pain. Recovery Depending on the type of cancer and type of radiation therapy, you will be transferred to the recovery room after a few hours or a couple of days. You will be shifted to the hospital room or ward, and either the same day or within a couple of days, you will be discharged from the hospital. Most of the side effects of radiation therapy will disappear shortly after the implants are removed. The soreness or pain at the site of the treatment may continue to bother you for a few days. You can start returning to your normal activities a few days after being discharged. However, avoid heavy-duty work for a few weeks that could stress your body. Getting regular follow-ups done per the schedule is also crucial to achieving a complication-free recovery. Take your medications, including painkillers, etc., as prescribed. If you experience unexplained pain, excessive vomiting, or any other side effects, seek medical attention.

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External-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is a cancer treatment used to kill cancer cells with high-energy beams, such as x-rays. EBRT can be used to treat many different types of cancer, including Breast cancer Brain cancer Lung cancer Prostate cancer EBRT is usually given in multiple sessions over several weeks. If you are scheduled to receive EBRT, your radiation oncologist will develop a specific treatment plan. This plan will consider the type and stage of your cancer and your overall health. Alternate Name of External-Beam Radiation Therapy External-beam therapy (EBT) Body Location EBRT is used to treat many different types of cancer, including brain, breast, lung, and skin cancer. External-Beam Radiation Therapy Procedure Type Treatment with external beam radiation therapy will start on an appointed date, once your doctor confirms your plan. Preparation for External-Beam Radiation Therapy Pre-procedure tests may include a physical exam, blood tests, and imaging tests such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). You will be admitted to the hospital on the day of your procedure and a special CT-Scan will be done. You will be asked to follow a special diet before the procedure. You will be asked to sign a consent form before the procedure. After the procedure, you will be given instructions on caring for yourself at home. You will need to follow up with your doctor for regular check-ups. External-Beam Radiation Therapy Procedure External-beam radiation therapy is usually done outpatient, so you don't have to stay in the hospital overnight. The treatment itself only takes a few minutes, but you will need to be at the facility for about an hour so that the team can get you set up and positioned correctly. You will lie on a table during the procedure while a machine delivers radiation to the body area being treated. You will be alone in the room during the treatment, but the team will be able to see and hear you at all times. After the treatment is over, you can go home and rest. There are usually no side effects from this type of radiation therapy, but if you experience any, they will be temporary and should go away on their own within a few days. Recovery After External-Beam Radiation Therapy There is no set recovery period after external-beam radiation therapy. Most people feel tired for a few weeks after treatment. Fatigue may persist for months or even years. It is essential to pace yourself and listen to your body during this time. Other possible side effects include skin reactions, nausea, and diarrhoea. These side effects are usually temporary and will go away after treatment is completed. Some people may also experience hair loss in the treated area. Your doctor can give you more information about what to expect during and after treatment. If you have any questions or concerns, talk to your doctor or radiation therapist. They will be with you every step and can help you manage any side effects you may experience. With their help, you can get through treatment and on your way to recovery. Follow Up After External-Beam Radiation Therapy After the procedure is performed, the recommended follow-up care includes regular checkups with your doctor. You may also need to have periodic CT scans or other imaging tests to check on the status of your condition. Your doctor will let you know what to expect and how often you should have follow-up appointments. After the procedure is performed, routine follow-up care includes regular checkups with your doctor, self-care measures to help manage side effects, and close monitoring for any signs of cancer recurrence. Your doctor will develop a follow-up care plan tailored to your individual needs. Risks Associated with External-Beam Radiation Therapy Damage to healthy tissue and organs: Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams to target and kill cancer cells. Unfortunately, the beams can also damage nearby healthy cells. The side effects depend on what part of the body is being treated. Fatigue: A common side effect of radiation therapy, it usually starts a few weeks after treatment and worsens as treatment continues. Fatigue can last for a few weeks to months after treatment ends. Skin reactions: The skin in the treated area may become red, dry, and tender. These reactions usually go away a few weeks after treatment ends, but some skin changes may be permanent. Hair loss: Radiation therapy to the head or neck can cause hair loss. The hair usually grows back after treatment, but it may be a different colour or texture. Nausea and vomiting: Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of radiation therapy. They usually start during the first week of treatment and go away after a few days. Weight loss: Weight loss is a known side effect which can be prevented or reduced by appropriate diet management and care at home. Related Blogs What is Cancer and Its Different Types? Cervical Cancer On The Rise: Late-stage Treatment Options Different Stages Of Cervical Cancer And The Available Treatment Options Spinal Cord Tumour - Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments

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Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation Therapy) is a treatment option that deploys the use of radiation therapy internally for the treatment of various cancers such as Brain cancer Eye cancer Cervix cancer Prostate cancer Skin cancer Vaginal cancer Uterine cancer Mouth cancer Breast cancer, etc. It involves the placement of radioactive pellets inside the tumor or next to it. Radiations from the radioactive substance kill the cancerous cells. Internal radiation therapy (Brachytherapy) can specifically target the cancer cells and spare the healthy tissues or cells. Alternate Name of Brachytherapy Internal Radiation Therapy Body Location Cancers of the brain, eye, cervix, prostrate, breasts, etc. Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation Therapy) Procedure Type Surgical Preparation for Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation Therapy) Before undergoing brachytherapy, you might need to undergo some blood tests, including bleeding time or clotting time to determine your suitability for the procedure. In addition, depending upon the location of the cancer, you might need to undergo a pre-anesthesia check-up (PAC) or anesthesia sensitivity testing. Diet before the procedure: Make sure to not eat at least 6-8 hours before the procedure to avoid any complications. Medications: You need to take your medications before the procedure in consultation with your doctor. You might be advised to stop certain drugs like aspirin before the procedure. You should reach the hospital at least 2-4 hours in advance, as you will be kept under observation for some time before the procedure. Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation Therapy) Procedure Brachytherapy (Internal radiation therapy) is performed under sedatives and anesthesia to block the pain and sensation. The radioactive pellets are placed inside or near the tumor using an applicator device or a catheter. Depending upon the cancer and its stage, the pellets could be placed during the active treatment or permanently, as follows: High-dose-rate (HDR) High-dose radiation is transmitted from the implant for around 10-20 minutes, and then the implant is removed. Depending upon the type of cancer, the frequency of treatment could vary from a few days to a few weeks. Permanent implant (seed implantation) Also known as seed implantation, this technique employs placing seed-sized implants that emit radiation for 24 hours until the radiation has faded away. Recovery After Internal Radiation Therapy Depending on the type of cancer and type of radiation therapy, you will be transferred to the recovery room after a few hours or a couple of days. You will be shifted to the hospital room or ward, and either the same day or within a couple of days, you will be discharged from the hospital. Most of the side effects of radiation therapy will disappear shortly after the implants are removed. The soreness or pain at the site of the treatment may continue to bother you for a few days. You can start returning to your normal activities a few days after being discharged. However, avoid heavy-duty work for a few weeks that could stress your body. Getting regular follow-ups done per the schedule is also crucial to achieving a complication-free recovery. Take your medications, including painkillers, etc., as prescribed. If you experience unexplained pain, excessive vomiting, or any other side effects, seek medical attention. Follow-up After Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation Therapy) You should complete your follow-ups as per the schedule to ensure a complication-free recovery. You must avoid coming in contact with pregnant women and children for a few days, if you have permanent radioactive implants. In addition, you should take proper rest as recommended by your doctor and not overexert. Avoid bending or excessive stretching for a few weeks and seek help from your family members or friends. You can start returning to your routine activities in a few days. However, avoid strenuous exercises such as running, weight lifting, etc., for about a month or more. Make sure to adhere to the follow-up plan with your surgeon to assess the recovery and the need for any additional interventions. Risks Associated with Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation Therapy) Being a targeted therapy, internal radiation therapy is safer; however, the risks associated with this therapy could vary depending upon the type of cancer and the location. The side effects or risks could include the following: Nausea or vomiting Bowel movement change Diarrhea or constipation Hair loss Sores in mouth Difficulty in urination Erectile dysfunction Cough Shortness of breath Fatigue Headaches Skin irritation Painful sexual intercourse Vaginal dryness Localised bleeding and pain. Related Blogs What is Cancer and Its Different Types? Cervical Cancer On The Rise: Late-stage Treatment Options Different Stages Of Cervical Cancer And The Available Treatment Options

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Chemotherapy is a medical treatment which uses drugs to destroy or slow down the growth of cancer cells in the body. It can be given in various ways, including orally, through injections, or through IV infusions. The drugs can be given alone or in combination with other drugs or treatments, depending on the type and stage of the cancer. The drugs travel throughout the body and target rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells, to stop or slow down their growth and prevent them from spreading to other body parts. It can be used as a primary treatment for some types of cancer, such as leukaemia and lymphoma, or as a complementary treatment along with surgery or radiation therapy for other types of cancer. The effectiveness of chemotherapy depends on factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the dosage and frequency of the drugs, and the individual's overall health and response to the treatment. Why is Chemotherapy used? Here are some reasons why chemotherapy is used: To Shrink Tumours Before Surgery: It can be used to shrink tumours so that they can be surgically removed more easily. To Kill Cancer Cells After Surgery: It can be used after surgery to damage any remaining cancer cells. To Treat Cancer That Has Spread: Chemotherapy can be used to treat cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. To Relieve Symptoms: Chemotherapy can be used to shrink tumours that are causing symptoms such as pain, bleeding or blockages. Conditions Treated By Chemotherapy Here are some of the conditions for which Chemotherapy may be used: Autoimmune Diseases Chemotherapy can be used to treat autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. These diseases occur when the body's immune system attacks its own healthy cells, and chemotherapy drugs can help to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation. Blood Disorders Chemotherapy can be used to treat blood disorders such as leukaemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. These conditions involve abnormal growth and division of blood cells, and chemotherapy drugs can help to kill these abnormal cells. Infectious Diseases Chemotherapy can be used to treat certain infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and hepatitis C. These diseases are caused by viruses or bacteria that rapidly divide and grow, and chemotherapy drugs can help to kill these infectious agents. Organ Transplantation Chemotherapy can be used to suppress the immune system and prevent the rejection of transplanted organs. In some cases, chemotherapy may also be used to treat complications that arise after a transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant Chemotherapy is often used before a bone marrow transplant to prepare the patient's body for the transplant. This process is known as conditioning, and it aims to eliminate any cancer cells or abnormal cells in the bone marrow and to suppress the patient's immune system to prevent it from rejecting the transplanted cells. Rare diseases Chemotherapy may be used to treat rare diseases such as amyloidosis, which is a condition in which abnormal proteins build in organs and tissues. Chemotherapy drugs can help to kill the cells that produce these abnormal proteins. Overall, while chemotherapy is most commonly associated with cancer treatment, it can also be used to treat a range of other conditions where abnormal cells are growing rapidly. Types of Chemotherapy Drugs The type of chemotherapy used depends on the type of cancer being treated and the stage of cancer. Here are Common Types of Chemotherapy: Alkylating Agents These drugs work by attaching to DNA and preventing cancer cells from growing. Examples of alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil. Antimetabolites These drugs mimic the structure of natural substances that cells need to grow and divide, and they interfere with the normal functioning of cancer cells. Examples of antimetabolites include methotrexate and fluorouracil. Anthracyclines These drugs work by damaging the DNA inside cancer cells. Examples of anthracyclines include doxorubicin and epirubicin. Taxanes These drugs interfere with the normal functioning of cancer cells by preventing the formation of microtubules, which are structures that help cells divide. Examples of taxanes include paclitaxel and docetaxel. Platinum Compounds These drugs work by binding to DNA and preventing cancer cells from growing. Examples of platinum compounds include cisplatin and carboplatin. Topoisomerase Inhibitors These drugs interfere with an enzyme called topoisomerase, which is involved in the replication of DNA. Examples of topoisomerase inhibitors include etoposide and irinotecan. Monoclonal antibodies These drugs are designed to target specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells, which can help to destroy the cancer cells. Examples of monoclonal antibodies include trastuzumab and rituximab. Overall, while chemotherapy is most commonly associated with cancer treatment, it can also be used to treat a range of other conditions where abnormal cells. How does Chemotherapy Treat Cancer? Chemotherapy drugs work by damaging the DNA inside cancerous cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. The drugs can also cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, a process in which the cells self-destruct. In addition to targeting cancer cells, chemotherapy drugs can also affect cells in the body that divide rapidly, such as hair follicle cells and cells in the lining of the digestive tract. It can cause side effects such as hair loss, nausea, and diarrhoea. How are Chemotherapy Drugs Given? Chemotherapy drugs can be given in several ways. The most common ways chemotherapy drugs are given are: Intravenous (Iv) Infusion The drugs are given through a vein in the arm or a central line, which is a catheter inserted into a large vein in the chest. Oral Medications The drugs are taken by mouth in the form of pills, capsules, or liquids. Injections The drugs are given through a needle injected into a muscle or under the skin. Topical Application The drugs are applied directly to the skin in the form of creams or gels. Intrathecal Administration The drugs are injected into the spinal fluid to treat cancer that has spread to the central nervous system. The method of drug administration depends on the specific Topoisomerase Inhibitors These drugs interfere with an enzyme called topoisomerase, which is involved in the replication of DNA. Examples of topoisomerase inhibitors include etoposide and irinotecan. The method of drug administration depends on the specific chemotherapy drugs being used and the individual patient's medical needs. The frequency and duration of treatment may also vary depending on the cancer being treated and the patient's response to the chemotherapy drugs. Chemotherapy for Cancer Treatment Procedure Preparing for chemotherapy treatment is an important step to help manage potential side effects and ensure the best possible outcomes. Following things can be expected during the preparation, treatment, and post-treatment phases of chemotherapy: Before Chemotherapy Treatment Procedure Before starting chemotherapy, your healthcare provider will perform a thorough evaluation of your overall health, including blood tests, imaging scans, and other tests. They will also discuss your medical history and any medications you are currently taking to determine the best course of treatment. During Chemotherapy Treatment Procedure During chemotherapy, you will receive medications either orally or intravenously (through a vein). The treatment schedule will vary depending on the type and stage of the cancer being treated, as well as the individual's overall health. Some chemotherapy drugs may be given alone, while others may be given in combination with other drugs or treatments. After Chemotherapy Treatment Procedure After each chemotherapy session, you may experience some side effects, such as nausea, fatigue, or pain. Follow your doctor's recommendations for managing these symptoms, such as taking medications as prescribed, getting rest, and eating a healthy diet. It is also essential to attend all scheduled follow-up appointments to monitor your progress. In addition to managing potential side effects, you can take the following steps for chemotherapy treatment: Educate Yourself Learn as much as you can about chemotherapy treatment, including the potential side effects, expected outcomes, and what to expect during each session. Plan for Assistance Arrange for transportation to and from each chemotherapy session, as well as for help with household tasks and other responsibilities during recovery periods. Eat a Healthy Diet Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein to support your overall health and immune system. Stay Hydrated Drink plenty of fluids, including water and other non-caffeinated beverages, to stay hydrated and help flush out toxins. Get Enough Rest Get plenty of rest and prioritise sleep to help your body recover between chemotherapy sessions. What are the Benefits of Chemotherapy Procedure? Some of the potential benefits of Chemotherapy are as follows: Shrink Or Eliminate Tumours Chemotherapy can help to shrink or eliminate tumours, which can improve symptoms and help to slow or stop the spread of cancer. Kill Cancer Cells: Chemotherapy drugs are designed to target and kill cancer cells, which can help to reduce the overall amount of cancer in the body. Prevent Recurrence: Chemotherapy can be used after surgery or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells and help prevent cancer from returning. Improve Survival: Chemotherapy can improve survival rates for some types of cancer, especially when used in combination with other cancer treatments. Improve The Quality Of Life: Chemotherapy can help to improve symptoms such as pain, fatigue, and nausea, which can improve the overall quality of life for people with cancer. What are the Side Effects of Chemotherapy Procedure? While chemotherapy can provide many benefits for people with cancer, there are several side effects of chemotherapy. The type and severity of side effects depend on the type of chemotherapy, the dose, and the individual's overall health. Common Side Effects of Chemotherapy are as follows: Nausea And Vomiting: Chemotherapy can affect the digestive system, leading to nausea and vomiting. Fatigue: Chemotherapy can cause fatigue, which can affect daily activities and quality of life. Hair Loss: Chemotherapy can cause hair loss on the scalp and on other parts of the body, such as the eyebrows and eyelashes. Mouth Sores: Chemotherapy can cause mouth sores making it difficult to eat and drink. Infection: Chemotherapy can make the immune system weak, making it more susceptible to infections. Anaemia: Chemotherapy can cause a decrease in red blood cells, leading to anaemia and fatigue. Blood Clotting Problems: Chemotherapy can affect blood clotting, which can increase the risk of bleeding or blood clots. Neuropathy: Chemotherapy can damage nerves, leading to numbness, tingling, or weakness in the hands and feet. Skin And Nail Changes: Chemotherapy can cause changes in the skin and nails, such as dryness, peeling, or discolouration. Fertility Problems: Chemotherapy can affect fertility in both men and women, leading to infertility or difficulty conceiving. How Long will I Need Chemotherapy? The length of time that a person will need to undergo chemotherapy will depend on several factors, including the type of cancer being treated, the stage of cancer, and the individual's overall health. In general, chemotherapy is given in cycles, with each cycle consisting of a period of treatment followed by a period of rest to allow the body to recover. The length of each cycle and the number of cycles needed will vary depending on the specific chemotherapy regimen being used. Some chemotherapy drugs are given for several months, while others may be given for a year or more. Results for Chemotherapy Procedure The results of chemotherapy can vary depending on several factors, including the type of cancer being treated, the stage of cancer, and the individual's overall health. The primary goal of chemotherapy is to kill cancer cells and prevent them from spreading. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Can cancer recur after chemotherapy procedure? Yes, cancer can recur after chemotherapy. While chemotherapy can be effective in destroying cancer cells, there is always a risk of cancer cells regrowing and spreading to other parts of the body. 2. At what stage of cancer do people receive chemotherapy treatment? The decision to use chemotherapy and the stage at which it is used will depend on the type of cancer, the stage of cancer, and the individual's overall health. In some cases, chemotherapy may be used in the early stages of cancer to shrink tumours before surgery or radiation therapy. 3. Is taking chemotherapy painful? The experience of chemotherapy can vary from person to person, and while some people may experience discomfort or pain during treatment, there are many medications and supportive therapies that can help manage these symptoms. 4. Can cancer be cured with chemotherapy? In some cases, chemotherapy can be effective in curing cancer or preventing it from coming back. However, the success of chemotherapy treatment depends on several factors, including the type of cancer being treated, the stage of cancer, and the individual's overall health. 5. At what stage of cancer is chemotherapy treatment used? The decision to use chemotherapy and the stage at which it is used will depend on certain factors, including the type of cancer, the stage of cancer, and the individual's overall health. Chemotherapy may be used in the early stages of cancer to shrink tumours before surgery or radiation therapy, or it may be used in later stages of cancer to help control the disease. 6. What is the cost of chemotherapy procedure? The chemotherapy cost can vary widely depending on factors, including the type of cancer being treated, the chemotherapy drugs being used, the length of treatment, and the individual's health insurance coverage. Related Blogs What is Cancer and Its Different Types? Advanced Skin Cancer: Chemotherapy and Its Side Effects Cervical Cancer On The Rise: Late-stage Treatment Options Different Stages Of Cervical Cancer And The Available Treatment Options 6 Lifestyle Changes to Improve Life after Breast Cancer Treatment Brain Tumour Treatment: What Are The Surgical & Non-Surgical Options? Bladder Cancer Signs and Treatment What is prostate cancer? 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Radiation therapy is a form of medical treatment that utilizes high-energy radiation to treat cancer in different parts of the body. It can be used on its own or with other therapies like chemotherapy or surgery. External or internal delivery methods may be utilized for radiation therapy. Types of Radiation Therapy Here are some common types of radiation therapy: External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is the most common type of radiation therapy, where high-energy X-rays or particles are delivered to cancer from outside the body using a machine called a linear accelerator. Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a type of EBRT that delivers radiation beams that vary in intensity and direction to target cancer while minimizing exposure to nearby healthy tissue. Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Stereotactic body radiation therapy is a type of high-dose radiation therapy that delivers very precise beams of radiation to the tumour in a small number of treatments. Brachytherapy Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive sources inside the body, close to or directly into cancer. The radiation source can be temporary. Proton Therapy Proton therapy uses protons (positively charged particles) to treat cancer. Proton therapy can deliver radiation to the tumour while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissue. Carbon Ion Therapy Carbon Ion therapy is a type of radiation therapy that uses carbon ions to treat cancer. Carbon ion therapy can be particularly effective for tumours that are resistant to other forms of radiation. Types of Cancer that are Treated with Radiation Therapy Here are some types of cancer that are often treated with radiation therapy: Breast cancer: Radiation therapy is commonly used after breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy to destroy any remaining cancer cells in the breast tissue. Prostate cancer: Radiation therapy is often used to treat early-stage prostate cancer, either alone or in combination with other treatments. It can also be used to relieve symptoms of later stages of prostate cancer that have spread to body parts. Lung cancer: Radiation therapy can be used to treat both non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Head and neck cancers: Radiation therapy is often used to treat mouth cancer, throat cancer, larynx cancer, or salivary glands cancer. Brain tumours: Radiation therapy can be used to treat primary brain tumours or metastatic tumours that have spread from body parts. It can also be used to relieve symptoms such as headaches and seizures. How Radiation Therapy is Used in Patients with Cancer? Radiation treatment for cancer functions by impairing the DNA of cancer cells, a process that can prevent the cells' proliferation and division. This therapy is applicable to various cancers, for example, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and other cancers in the human body. In addition, it can be used to treat benign tumors also. The type of radiation therapy used depends on several factors, including the cancer type, stage of cancer, the patient's overall health, and the desired treatment objectives. How Radiation Therapy is Used with Other Cancer Treatments Radiation therapy is often used in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy. Combining different treatments can help improve outcomes and increase the chances of successful treatment. Here are some ways radiation therapy is used with other cancer treatments: Radiation Therapy And Chemotherapy: Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are often used together to treat cancer. In some patients, chemotherapy may be given before radiation therapy to shrink the tumour and make it easier to target with radiation. In other cases, chemotherapy may be given after radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Or together, radiation therapy to increase the effect of radiation. Radiation Therapy And Surgery: Radiation therapy can be used before surgery to shrink the tumour. It can also be used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells. Radiation Therapy and Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight against cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used to activate the immune system and make it more effective at targeting cancer cells. Radiation Therapy And Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy is a treatment that uses drugs to target specific molecules or proteins in cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used to enhance the effects of targeted therapy by making the cancer cells more vulnerable to the drugs. Radiation Therapy for Cancer Treatment Procedure Preparing for radiation therapy involves several steps, including a consultation with a radiation oncologist, imaging tests to help plan the treatment, and taking steps to manage any side effects. Here is a general overview of what to expect before, during, and after radiation therapy: Before Radiation Therapy Procedure Consultation With a Radiation Oncologist: Patients will meet with a radiation oncologist to discuss the treatment plan, including the type and dose of radiation, the number of treatments, and the possible side effects. For some cases, an immobilization cast may be required to prevent patient moments during treatment. Imaging Tests: Imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRI scans, will be performed to help plan the treatment. These tests will help determine the exact location and size of the tumour and surrounding healthy tissue. During Radiation Therapy Procedure Positioning: Patients will be positioned on a table, and the radiation machine will be adjusted to deliver the radiation to the exact location of the tumour. Delivery of Radiation: The radiation will be delivered from the machine outside the body, and patients will need to remain still during the procedure. Monitoring: Patients will be monitored during the procedure, and the radiation dose will be adjusted as needed to ensure the best possible outcome. After Radiation Therapy Procedure Managing Side Effects: Patients may experience side effects, such as fatigue, skin changes, or nausea, after the procedure. They should talk to their healthcare provider about ways to manage these side effects. Follow-up Appointments: Patients will need to have follow-up appointments with their radiation oncologist to monitor their progress and ensure cancer has been effectively treated. Preparing for radiation therapy can be a daunting process, but with proper planning and support, patients can feel more confident and comfortable during the procedure. Side Effects of Radiation Therapy Treatment Like any medical treatment, radiation therapy can have side effects. It depends on the dose and type of radiation, the area of the body being treated, and the overall health of the patient. Here are some common side effects: Fatigue: Radiation therapy can cause tiredness and fatigue, which can last for several weeks after treatment. Patients are advised to get plenty of rest and conserve their energy during this time. Skin changes: Radiation therapy can cause the skin in the treated area to become red, dry, and itchy. In some cases, the skin may blister or peel. Patients are advised to keep the area clean and dry, avoid sun exposure, and use moisturizers and other topical treatments as directed by their healthcare provider. Nausea And Vomiting: Radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis can cause nausea and vomiting. Patients may be given medications to help manage these side effects. Hair Loss: Radiation therapy to the head can cause hair loss in the treated area. This can be temporary or permanent, depending on the dose of radiation. Changes in Bowel or Bladder Function: Radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis can cause changes in bowel or bladder function, such as diarrhoea, constipation, or urinary urgency. Patients may be given medications to manage these side effects. Risk of Infection: Radiation therapy can make the immune system weak, increasing the risk of infection diseases. Long-Term Effects: Some side effects of radiation therapy, such as fatigue and skin changes, may continue for several months after treatment. In some cases, radiation therapy can also cause long-term effects, such as an increased risk of developing other types of cancer. Frequently Asked Questions: 1. Why do people with cancer receive radiation therapy? Radiation therapy is a common cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. 2. Is radiation therapy safe for patients and their families? Radiation therapy is generally safe for patients and their families, but there may be some risks and side effects. Like all other treatment 3. Is radiation therapy treatment painful? Radiation therapy itself is painless, but patients may experience side effects such as skin irritation or fatigue. Pain management options are available to help alleviate discomfort. 4. Is radiation therapy worse than chemotherapy? Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are both powerful cancer treatments, but they work in different ways and can have different side effects. The choice of treatment depends on factors, including the type and stage of cancer. 5. At what stage of cancer is radiotherapy used? Radiation therapy can be used at any stage of cancer, but it is often used in association with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or surgery, to increase the chances of a successful outcome. 6. What is the cost of radiation therapy? The cost of radiation therapy can depend on several factors, such as the type and length of treatment, location, and insurance coverage. Patients should talk to their healthcare provider or insurance provider to understand the cost and coverage options available. Related Blogs Brain Tumour Treatment: What Are The Surgical & Non-Surgical Options? 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