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Leukemias are a kind of blood cancer malignancies that begin in cells that typically grow into various blood cell types. When healthy blood cells alter and multiply out of control, leukemia develops. Thus the formation of immature cells is known as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In acute lymphocytic leukemia, "lymphocytic" refers to the white blood cells known as lymphocytes that play a role in the immune system. B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL) is children's most frequent malignancy, and leukemia, with 70%, is treatable. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a blood and bone marrow malignancy that affects the spongy tissue inside bones. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, also otherwise known as acute lymphocytic leukemia, is a kind of leukemia that affects the blood cells. The term acute lymphocytic leukemia indicates immature white blood cells proliferate, and the onset of infection occurs instantaneously. In children, there is an average survival rate in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at 60 to 80% by acquired genetic aberrations. ALL is more common among Hispanics and Latin Americans than in Africans worldwide. Alternate Name for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) Associated Anatomy of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia The associated anatomy of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia include: Lymph nodes Spleen Liver Types of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Some of the subtypes of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia are: B-Cell ALL (Precursor B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) These B-Cell ALL are the most common type in children with the aggressive growth of immature B-lymphoblastic cells. T-Cell ALL (Precursor T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) The immature T-lymphoblastic cells are susceptible to treatment at the early onset of infection and are most common among adults. Mixed Lineage Acute Leukemias This type of leukemia rarely causes the site of infection among children and adulthood, where other types of leukemia develop simultaneously. The results of any imaging studies reveal both ALL and AML, with the possibility of MLA. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Causes The primary cause for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is exposure to high doses of radiation and certain other chemicals. Mutations involved in oncogenes controlling on and off tumor suppressor genes can cause cancers (including ALL and AML). A DNA mutation in the stem cells causes excessive white blood cells, inducing acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Having a history of leukemia patients in the family might be heritable to their offspring. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Symptoms and Signs The following are some of the signs and symptoms of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: High fever Shortness of breath Bleeding gums Pale skin Severe nosebleeds Joint pain Swollen lymph nodes Bone ache Dark-red spots Persistent fatigue Poor appetite Dizziness Enlarged spleen Weakness Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Diagnosis and Test The following is the list of diagnoses and typical tests of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Blood tests: Complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear, Blood chemistry tests, and Coagulation tests Bone marrow tests: Bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy Lab tests used to diagnose and classify ALL: Routine examination with a microscope, Cytochemistry, Flow cytometry, Immunophenotyping, and immunohistochemistry. Genetics test/Chromosome tests: Cytogenetics, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) Tissue typing or HLA typing (Human Leukocyte Antigen) Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) Lymph node biopsy Imaging tests: X-rays, Computed tomography (CT) scan, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, and Ultrasound. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment The following are the possible treatments for acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia include: Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Targeted Drug therapy Surgery Radiation therapy Stem Cell Transplant Risk Factors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Some of the risk factors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia include: Smoking Genetic syndrome (Bloom syndrome and Down syndrome) Blood Disorders Genetic syndromes Previous cancer treatment Radiation exposure Viral infections Exposure to harmful chemicals Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Prevention A primary preventative approach for acute lymphoblastic leukemia or other lymphoid illnesses has yet to be proven. Therefore, the total blood count is analyzed regularly for monitoring purposes of subjects. Possible Complication of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Some of the possible complications of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia involves: Anemia Hair Loss Tiredness Bleeding Infections Weakness Neutropenia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Epidemiology The studies show that the chance of acquiring ALL in one's lifetime is roughly 1 in 1,000. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia may affect anybody of any age, although most instances affect youngsters, specifically children under five. It accounts for about 75 - 80% of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in this age group. Males have a little higher risk of having the ALL than females, while Whites have a slightly higher risk than African Americans. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Expected Prognosis The expected prognosis of the ALL is that around 97% of ALL patients relapse within weeks of commencing therapies, and 85% of the adult patients are curable entirely within ten years of remission. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is most common in children, whereas Adult survival rates are lower, but they're improving. Thus the ALL has a 5-year relative survival rate of 68%. Some of the prognostic factors of ALL include age, Initial white blood cell (WBC) count, Gene or chromosomal abnormalities, Response to chemotherapy, and Status of ALL during and after treatment (Remission). Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Natural Progression Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias are the type of cancer in which leukocytes multiply rapidly in the blood but are extremely rare. If untreated, this type of leukemia may have fewer symptoms and spread over months to years, but the progression rate is higher as the days pass. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Pathophysiology Leukemia is a malignancy that affects the blood and bone marrow and overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. Multiple genetic alterations are involved in the underlying process, which results in rapid cell division. Thus the formation of new red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets is altered by an overabundance of immature lymphocytes in the bone marrow. A sequence of acquired genetic abnormalities results in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Therefore, blood tests and bone marrow tests to interpret for further diagnosis. Related Blogs Understanding Blood Cancer & Its Symptoms Bone Marrow Transplant - Make Your Bone Marrow Healthy Again What is Cancer and Its Different Types?

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Acute Myeloid Leukemia Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is the cancer of the blood and bone marrow leading to the formation of abnormal blood cells. It is the most common type of leukaemia in the adult population. Associated Anatomy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Blood and bone marrow Acute Myeloid Leukemia Causes Acute myeloid leukaemia is considered to be caused by the following factors: Genetic mutations Change in genes or mutations can be acquired and caused by various factors such as exposure to radiation, chemotherapy, etc. Hereditary factor Family history is also considered to be responsible for the faulty gene transfer to generations and causing leukaemia. Alternate Name of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Acute myelogenous leukaemia or acute myeloblastic leukaemia Acute Myeloid Leukemia Symptoms Signs and symptoms of acute myeloid leukaemia include the following: Headache Shortness of breath Dizziness Irregular heartbeat Loss of weight Reduced appetite Weakness & Feeling tired Pale skin Feet and hands getting cold Infections Easy bruising Diarrhoea Vomiting Fever Muscle pain Nose bleeds Bleeding gums Skin rashes Red spots on the skin Balance disorders Seizures Joint pain Nerve damage Stages of Acute Myeloid Leukemia There is no standard staging system for acute myeloid leukaemia. It is generally differentiated as newly diagnosed, remission, and recurrent. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Diagnosis The clinical presentation of acute myeloid leukaemia might mimic symptoms of other conditions such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), bone marrow failure, aplastic anaemia, anaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), B-cell lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), acute biphenotypic leukaemia, metastasis to certain tumours, etc. Hence, a differential diagnosis is required to rule out these conditions. Typical Test Acute Myeloid Leukemia The typical test starts with the diagnosis of the patient's medical history, signs, symptoms, and physical examination, followed by blood counts. A peripheral blood smear is used to check for the blast cells. In addition, flow cytometry is used to identify the presence of tumour markers on the cells. Bone marrow aspiration followed by biopsy can be used to look for signs of cancerous growth in the cells. In addition, molecular testing, Immunophenotyping, cytogenetic analysis, etc., could be used to confirm the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatments The treatment options for acute myeloid leukaemia depend on the patient's stage, gender, and overall health condition. Various treatment options include: Chemotherapy In chemotherapy, Anti-cancer medications are given to kill the cancerous cells. Stem cell transplantation In stem cell transplantation, Stem cells are transplanted along with chemotherapy to replenish the blood-forming cells. Radiotherapy In radiotherapy, High-intensity radiation is used to destroy cancerous cells. Targeted therapy In targeted therapy, Specific medications targeting the tumour cells/tissues are administered, sparing the healthy cells. Risk Factors of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Risk factors for acute myeloid leukaemia include the following: Age: Older people are at increased risk to develop acute myeloid leukaemia Sex: Men are at higher risk to develop acute myeloid leukaemia compared to women Exposure to chemicals: Exposure to harmful substances such as benzene increases the risk to develop acute myeloid leukaemia Hereditary: Family history of cancer or other genetic disorders are associated with an increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia Race and ethnicity: White people are at increased risk to develop acute myeloid leukaemia compared to other population groups Exposure to radiations such as previous radiotherapy treatment increases the risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia. Smoking: Smoking increases the risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia Complications of Acute Myeloid Leukemia A weaker immune system is a common complication of acute myeloid leukaemia, leading to various infections. Other complications could include anaemia, nerve damage, kidney problems, weight loss, fertility problems, unexplained fever, bleeding, etc. Untreated acute myeloid leukaemia can spread to other tissues and organs and lead to death. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Preventions Primary Prevention of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Although there is nothing much you can do to prevent the onset of acute myeloid leukaemia, you can follow the below-mentioned preventive tips to reduce the risk of developing it: Quit smoking: Smoking is a critical risk factor, and you should quit smoking to reduce the risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia. Avoid exposure to chemicals: Avoid exposure to harmful chemicals such as benzene, etc. Avoid radiations: Avoid exposure to radiations that have the potential to cause acute myeloid leukaemia. Secondary Prevention of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Secondary prevention aims to reduce the risk of complications and recurrences. The following measure can be taken: Regular follow-ups: Follow-ups should be made as per the schedule to assess the recovery, risk of recurrence, and overall quality of life. Symptom watch-out: Always look for symptoms of recurrence or complications and seek immediate medical attention. Lifestyle: Exercise regularly and eat a well-balanced diet. Manage weight and diabetes: Managing diabetes, obesity, and weight will help to reduce the chances of complications or recurrences. Awareness: Being aware of the disease and having realistic expectations helps better planning and management. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Epidemiology Advanced age increases the risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia, and the median age of developing it is 70 years. Acute myeloid leukaemia is more prevalent in the White population compared to others. Acute myeloid leukaemia is more common in males compared to females. Expected Prognosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia The prognosis of acute myeloid leukaemia depends on the age, stage of cancer, and response to treatment. The treatment is more effective in the initial stages, and the survival rate is higher. The chances of 5-year survival are 10% in therapy-treated patients. Natural Progression of Acute Myeloid Leukemia The progression of acute myeloid leukaemia is relatively rapid, and it can spread to other organs and tissues. If left untreated, it can get lethal in a few weeks to a few months. Pathophysiology of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Acute myeloid leukaemia is a blood and bone marrow cancer characterised by genetic mutations in the hematopoiesis pathways. The mutations lead to defects in DNA structure, causing an undifferentiated growth of the myeloid precursors in the bone marrow and blood, leading to bone marrow failure and the presentation of acute myeloid leukaemia. 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Anemia is a health disorder characterized by low proportions of red blood cells or low hemoglobin levels. Hemoglobin is a protein that facilitates the transport of oxygen throughout the body. A person is referred to as anemic if they develop anemia, and such individuals feel weak and tired. There are different types of anemia, each with different causes. While some are mild and occur for a short time, others can persist for long periods and lead to critical health complications. Associated Anatomy of Anemia Red blood cells Types of Anemia Iron deficiency anemia Pernicious anemia Aplastic anemia Thalassemia Vitamin deficiency anemia (like folate or Vitamin B12 deficiency) Anemia Causes The most common form of anemia, the iron-deficiency anemia, is caused due to decreased levels of iron in the body. Other forms of anemia are caused due to: Low levels of Vitamin B12 in the body. This can be due to decreased Vitamin B12 in the diet or problems in the usage or absorption of Vitamin B12 (like pernicious anemia). Diets lacking folic acid or folates or problems in the usage of folic acid (folate-deficiency anemia). Blood disorders that are inherited (passed on from ancestors), like thalassemia or sickle cell anemia. Conditions that induce accelerated destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia). Long-term (chronic) conditions, like advanced kidney disease, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, etc., interfere with the production of red blood cells. Blood loss due to gastritis, ulcers, hemorrhoids, heavy menstrual bleeding, endometriosis, and other health conditions. Anemia Symptoms Signs and symptoms of anemia generally depend upon the type and their associated cause. Some common symptoms that may be observed in anemia include: Weakness Fatigue Headache Dizziness Shortness of breath Cold hands and feet Chest pains Fainting Pale skin Irregular heartbeats Anemia Diagnosis Initial diagnosis of anemia involves knowing about your and your family's health history and a physical examination. A commonly used test for identifying anemia is the complete blood count test. A complete blood count test provides comprehensive information about the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin levels, morphological characteristics (size, shape, color, etc.) of red blood cells, etc. Blood tests used to measure micronutrients like iron and Vitamin B12 may also be suggested in addition to a complete blood count test. Anemia Treatment Anemia is treated based on its type and cause. Firstly, your healthcare provider will identify the cause of anemia, whether it is caused due to diet insufficiency or other underlying disease conditions. Then, a suitable treatment approach will be adopted. Generally, anemia treatment involves the following: Diet for Anemia If anemia is due to inadequate iron, folates, or Vitamin B12, oral nutritional supplements will be suggested. In some cases, injections may be needed if someone faces trouble absorbing these nutrients. Your healthcare provider will provide a personalized diet based on your needs. Drugs for Anemia In severe cases of anemia, erythropoietin or drugs that increase the production of erythropoietin (erythropoietin-stimulating agents) will be prescribed. Erythropoietin is a hormone that increases the production of red blood cells. Blood transfusions In conditions characterized by severe blood loss or very low hemoglobin levels, blood transfusions may be required. Risk Factors of Anemia Some factors that increase the risk of developing anemia include: Lack of nutritious diet: Diet lacking iron, Vitamin B12, or folates puts an individual at significant risk of developing anemia. Intestinal disorders: Intestinal disorders, such as celiac disease or Crohn's disease, interfere with the absorption of micronutrients. Chronic disorders: Chronic disorders, like cancer, kidney disease, or autoimmune disorders, can cause anemia of chronic disease. Menstruation: Menstruation results in blood loss, and women who menstruate are at increased risk of developing anemia compared to postmenopausal women. Family history: Certain anemia, like sickle cell anemia, can be inherited from ancestors. Age: People aged 65 and above have an increased risk of developing anemia. Complication of Anemia Complications of anemia include heart disorders (like heart failure, angina), confusion, weakened immune system, pregnancy complications, and multi-organ failure. Anemia Prevention Primary Prevention of Anemia Some anemia (like inherited anemia) cannot be prevented. However, it is possible to prevent anemia caused due to lack of micronutrients like iron or Vitamin B12. Some general measures that can be adopted include: Diet: Eat foods that are rich in micronutrients. For instance, iron-deficiency anemia can be prevented by eating iron-rich foods like dark leafy vegetables, lean meat, beans, etc. This can also be supplemented by foods rich in Vitamin C as it enhances iron absorption. Similarly, eating foods rich in Vitamin B12 (like cereals, meat, dairy products) and folates (dark green leafy vegetables, peanuts, green beans) can prevent anemia caused due to their deficiencies. Water: Research has shown that drinking plenty of water aids in keeping the hemoglobin levels up. Secondary prevention Eating a healthy diet and effectively managing the underlying cause of anemia can prevent a recurrence. Epidemiology of Anemia Anemia is a common condition affecting almost one-third of people across the globe. Incidence of anemia increases with age and is more prevalent in older women, pregnant women, and women of reproductive age. Anemia is prevalent in over 20% of individuals aged 85 and above. Expected prognosis of Anemia The outlook is quite favorable for individuals with anemia due to nutrient deficiency. Diet plays a vital role in such cases. The outlook of anemia caused due to other reasons can vary depending on the underlying cause. However, in most cases, they can be managed. Natural progression of Anemia Anemia can lead to critical health complications, including death, if left untreated. Pathophysiology of Anemia Red blood cells are released into the circulation following their production in the bone marrow. There exists homeostasis between red blood cell production and their removal or destruction. Any deviations from the homeostasis can lead to anemia. Anemia is caused by various factors, like blood loss, nutrient deficiency, etc. Related Blogs Understanding Blood Cancer & Its Symptoms Haploidentical Bone Marrow Transplant- A Boon For Incurable Blood Disorder Patients Understanding Malaria: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention Pancreatic Cancer: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis

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Blood cancer or hematologic cancer affects the formation and functioning of the blood cells and bone marrow. It primarily affects the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue where blood cells are produced. Blood cancer leads to abnormal growth of the blood cells, which, in turn, disrupts their normal functioning and the body’s ability to fight infections, possibly causing heavy bleeding. Blood cancers account for approximately 10% of all cancers and occur more commonly in men than women. Blood Cancer Types Based on the affected tissue/organ, blood cancer can be classified as: Leukemia Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells (WBCs) and is most common in children below 15 years. Lymphoma Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system and lymphocytes. The most common type is Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The other type are called non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Myeloma Myeloma affects the plasma cells that produce disease-fighting antibodies. It impairs plasma cell production, resulting in a weak immune system. Blood Cancer Causes Blood cancer could be caused by the following: Change in genes or mutations Hereditary factors Exposure to radiation like radiotherapy (cancer treatment) or X-rays, or working in strong electromagnetic fields Exposure to harmful chemicals (like benzene and formaldehyde) due to occupation or via accident or living close to such industries Blood Cancer Symptoms Malaise, fatigue, and weakness Fever and chills Headache Skin rashes Pruritus Joint and bone pain Breathlessness Bone fractures from minor body strain Excessive or easy bruising Bleeding gums Frequent infections Body sweating during the night Weight loss Nausea Frequent vomiting Anorexia Enlarged/swollen lymph nodes in neck, groin, or underarms Lumps in large abdominal organs Abdominal distension Blood Cancer Diagnosis & Tests The doctors diagnose the type and stage of the blood cancer by asking about the patient’s medical history, signs, symptoms, and physical examination. This is followed by blood tests, imaging tests, bone marrow examination, and/or biopsy (tissue sampling), etc. Staging is a way of determining the severity and progression of blood cancer. Various Diagnostic Tests Biopsy: Tissue sampling from lymph nodes is done for the final diagnosis and to identify the type of blood cancer. Bone Marrow Sampling: A sample of bone marrow taken from the hip bone is analyzed to identify the involved cells. Blood Cancer Treatment How is Blood Cancer treated? Blood cancer is treated by specialists called hematologic oncologists, who have special training in the functioning of the blood and lymphatic system. Blood Cancer Treatment depends on the age, gender, type and stage of blood cancer, affected cells, and the patient’s overall health condition. Types of Treatment for Blood Cancer Chemotherapy: In Chemotherapy, Medications are administered to kill the cancerous cells; however, these have multiple side effects. Radiotherapy: In Radiotherapy, High-frequency radiations target cancer cells. Stem cell transplantation: In Stem cell transplantation, Injecting healthy stem cells into the body after treatment to remove malignant blood cells can help the body produce healthy blood again. Targeted therapy: In Targeted therapy medications are administered to specifically target cancerous blood cells while sparing the healthy cells. Cancer surgery: Surgery might be required in a few lymphomas to remove the affected lymph nodes, which is possibly followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Immunotherapy: In Immunotherapy, the immune cells are activated to kill the specific cancer cells. Health Management During the Treatment Understand infection risk Manage side effects of treatment Be patient Exercise Exercise Plan: Regular exercises like walking, aerobic exercises, yoga, etc., should be followed to regain strength quickly. You can increase the intensity and duration as per your stamina, age, and overall health condition. Diet Plan: A light and nutritious diet with a good mixture of fruits, veggies, and proteins may aid in quick recovery. Avoid canned, sugary, and junk food. Risk Factors of Blood Cancer Age Sex Smoking Exposure to harmful chemicals like benzene (used in the rubber, oil, chemical, shoe, and gasoline industries) and formaldehyde Family history Race and ethnicity – whites are more prone than blacks History of viral infections like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus, and human T-cell (lymphoma/leukemia) virus infections Exposure to radiation and electromagnetic fields Cost of Blood Cancer Treatment In India Blood cancer treatment cost in India includes the following: Biopsy, PET CT, Blood test, CT scan, Ultrasound, X-ray. Depending on the advised treatment and stage of cancer, the treatment cost can vary. The treatment may include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or both as required by the health condition before or after the operation. Other costs include the expenses of medicines, care after the operation, consultation charges, hospital stay costs, etc. Additional factors that determine the cost of treatment are the doctor's expertise, hospital, age of the patient, treatment protocol, and stage of cancer. To obtain an accurate estimate of the cost of blood cancer treatment at BLK-Max Hospital in Delhi, various factors such as the type of surgery, the complexity of the procedure, the surgeon's expertise, the severity of the condition, and the patient's individual condition need to be considered. To receive an estimate, individuals can book an appointment with an expert or complete the quick enquiry form available on the hospital's website. It is important to note that the final cost of blood cancer treatment in Delhi may fluctuate depending on any additional diagnostic procedures needed, the specific type of room chosen, and the precise condition being treated. Related Blogs Understanding Blood Cancer & Its Symptoms 7 Myths and Facts about Blood Cancer What is Cancer and Its Different Types? Bone Marrow Transplant - Make Your Bone Marrow Healthy Again The Role Of Immunotherapy In The Treatment Of Advanced-Stage Cancers Matching Made Easy: The Future of Donor Selection in Bone Marrow Transplants Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment Side Effects, Risks & Benefits

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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer affecting white blood cells, also known as lymphocytes. Patients suffering from CLL produce numerous abnormal lymphocytes in their bone marrows. It is a “chronic” condition, which means this disease spreads slowly, and it takes long before any appearance of symptoms. CLL starts in the bone marrow, which is a spongy tissue in the center of the bones. Later, the abnormal lymphocytes spill out into the blood and spread to other organs, affecting their normal functioning. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Causes & Risk Factors CLL occurs because of certain genetic changes in the cells of the bone marrow. The exact causes for such genetic mutation are unknown, but some risk factors are listed below: Age: Older people, especially those above 50 years of age, are more likely to get CLL. It is very rare in children. Family history: It is the history of CLL, any other leukemia, or blood or bone marrow diseases. Race: CLL is more prevalent in white people than in other ethnic groups. Chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals such as Agent Orange used during the Vietnam War, and some pesticides and herbicides are associated with CLL. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Symptoms CLL does not show any symptoms during its early stages. As the disease progresses, patients might observe some of the following signs and symptoms: Enlarged and swollen lymph nodes, most noticeably in the armpits, neck, stomach, or groin Recurrent infections and fevers Weight loss without any known reason Weakness and fatigue Night sweats Pain in the upper left portion of the abdomen because of the enlargement of the spleen Shortness of breath Loss of appetite Stages of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Following the diagnosis of CLL, staging determines the extent of spread of the disease and helps decide the best treatment approach: Stage 0: In Stage 0 CLL, there are too many lymphocytes in the blood, but no apparent signs or symptoms of the disease. Stage I: Stage I CLL shows the presence of abnormally high numbers of lymphocytes in the blood and the lymph nodes are enlarged. Stage II: In Stage II CLL, the number of lymphocytes is abnormally higher, and the liver and spleen may also be enlarged, along with enlarged lymph nodes. Stage III: Stage III CLL manifests by an abnormal increase in lymphocyte count in the blood, along with a decrease in red blood cell count. This may be accompanied by an enlarged liver, spleen, or lymph nodes. Stage IV: In Stage IV CLL, there are abnormally high numbers of lymphocytes but low levels of platelets. The number of red blood cells may also be lower. The liver, spleen, and lymph nodes may be larger than normal. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Diagnosis and Tests CLL is diagnosed with the help of the following tests: Physical examination To look for enlarged lymph nodes, liver, or spleen. Blood tests Complete blood count with a differential determines the number of different types of blood cells. An abnormally high lymphocyte count of more than 10,000 lymphocytes/mm3 is suggestive of CLL. Blood chemistry tests such as basic metabolic panel, complete metabolic panel, kidney function test, liver function test, and electrolyte panel can also be used. Flow cytometry This test ascertains that numerous lymphocytes in the blood are because of cancer and not because of any other blood disorder or infection. Flow cytometry identifies certain markers present in CLL cells. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy For bone marrow aspiration, a small sample of liquid marrow is obtained by injecting a needle into the bone. For a biopsy, a small amount of bone, marrow, and blood is taken. Both these tests are usually performed together to ascertain CLL diagnosis. Imaging studies CT scan, PET scan, or ultrasound may be obtained to look for the enlargement of body organs such as the liver or spleen, which is commonly observed in CLL. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment If a patient is in the early stages of CLL and is not showing any signs or symptoms, the patient’s doctor may not start treatment right away. No evidence is available to show that early treatment can prolong the life of a patient with CLL. Cancer treatments have certain side effects, so the patient’s physician will weigh the benefit and risk ratio, and make an appropriate treatment schedule for the patient. Following are the treatment options for intermediate to advanced stages of CLL: Chemotherapy Chemotherapy drugs kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. A patient can be prescribed a single or a combination of chemotherapy drugs depending upon clinical condition. Immunotherapy Immunotherapy modifies our body’s immune system in such a way that it can identify and kill cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies These are man-made versions of antibodies that are designed to attach to specific targets, such as a protein on the cell wall of cancer cells and destroy it. Targeted drug therapy These drugs target the abnormality within a cell that turns them into cancerous cells. Targeted drug therapy is generally given as the first line of treatment for CLL. Bone marrow transplant Strong chemotherapy drugs are used to kill stem cells that are producing abnormal lymphocytes. Following this, healthy donor blood stem cells are transplanted, which produce healthy blood cells. Prognosis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) The prognosis of CLL is much better as compared to other types of cancers. Though it varies with age and the stage of the disease, the five-year survival rate of patients with CLL is greater than 80% Related Blogs Understanding Blood Cancer & Its Symptoms What is Cancer and Its Different Types?

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Hairy cell leukemia is a slow-growing and rare cancer of the blood and bone marrow. Hairy cell leukemia starts when the bone marrow produces too many lymphocytes (B cells and infection-fighting white blood cells). With the increased production of leukemia cells, healthy platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells go down. Associated Anatomy of Hairy Cell Leukemia Bone Marrow Hairy Cell Leukemia Causes The cause of hairy cell leukemia is not known. Experts know that this cancer happens due to cell mutations in the DNA that causes the bone marrow stem cells to produce excessive white blood cells that function inefficiently. Still, they fail to understand the main reasons behind the DNA mutations that eventually cause hairy cell leukemia. Hairy Cell Leukemia Symptoms Generally, the signs or symptoms of hairy cell leukemia are not evident, and a blood test for another condition or disease happens to reveal this cancer. However, people with hairy cell leukemia experience the following signs and symptoms, which is also common in a plethora of other conditions, such as: Fatigue Weight loss Easy bruising and bleeding Weakness Recurring infections Frequent fevers Shortness of breath Night sweats A feeling of fullness in abdominal areas just after small meals, making it uncomfortable to eat more Hairy Cell Leukemia Diagnosis Typical Tests for Hairy Cell Leukemia There are several tests to find if you are suffering from hairy cell leukemia: Physical tests: A doctor can feel your stomach and determine a large spleen due to the hairy cell build-up. They may also physically check for swollen lymph nodes in the abdominal areas. Image tests: A CT scan (computerized tomography) or X-rays from different angles can be recommended for a detailed picture of the spleen. Blood tests: Blood tests can be recommended to determine low counts of certain types of white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets. A peripheral blood smear test (that finds hairy leukemia blood cells) can be suggested. Bone marrow biopsy: The biopsy is conducted to identify mutations noticed in hairy leukemia cells. Hairy Cell Leukemia Stages There are no standard staging systems or defined stages for hairy cell leukemia. The disease either does not respond to the treatment or rebounds after treatment. Hairy Cell Leukemia Treatment The type of treatment for hairy cell leukemia depends on the following factors: The number of healthy blood cells in the body versus hairy leukemia cells present in your bone marrow and blood. Size of the spleen (how large is it compared to the normal one). Whether you show signs of leukemia (weight loss, fever, sweating) or you have a blood infection. The number of times you have been affected with hairy cell leukemia after treatment. Once it is determined how hairy cell leukemia is affecting you, one or more of the following treatments can be recommended: Surgery If you are suffering from a painful spleen, or it happens to burst, it can be removed through splenectomy. This won't cure hairy cell leukemia but would ensure an average blood count. Immunotherapy Immunotherapy treatment uses your immune system to combat hairy cell leukemia. There are two standard therapies for this treatment: Interferon and Rituximab (Rituxan). Alternatively, moxetumomab (Lumoxiti) can be suggested if other treatments aren't helping. ChemotherapyChemotherapy uses a combination of powerful drugs like pentostatin (Nipent) and cladribine (Leustatin). Put in the body through IV, these drugs kill cancer cells entirely or restrict their growth. Risk Factors of Hairy Cell Leukemia A few factors that can increase the risk of developing hairy cell leukemia are: Radiation exposure: It is assumed that people exposed more to radiation may have higher chances of developing hairy cell leukemia. For instance, people who work with (or around) X-ray machines and do not take precautions or cancer patients who have received radiation treatment. Exposure to chemicals: Another inconclusive and unproven risk from the development of hairy cell leukemia is assumed from agricultural and industrial chemicals. Prevention of Hairy Cell Leukemia As exposure to agricultural and industrial chemicals increases the risk of developing hairy leukemia cells, it is advised to avoid such chemicals. Otherwise, there aren't other proven ways to avoid hairy leukemia cells. Possible Complications of Hairy Cell Leukemia Untreated hairy cell leukemia expels healthy blood cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to the following serious complications: Anemia: A decreased number of red blood cells means lesser cells are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. This causes fatigue, resulting in anemia. Infections: If healthy white blood cells are less in the body, the risk of recurring infections increases. Bleeding: A fall in platelet counts will make you bruise easily. It makes you bleed spontaneously from your gums or nose. Hairy Cell Leukemia Epidemiology Age: 30 and above. Gender: More common in men than women. Ethnicity: Western people are more affected than Asian people. Family history: Most people with a family history of this disease aren't affected. Therefore, the risk remains low. Hairy Cell Leukemia Prognosis Hairy cell leukemia is amongst chronic cancers as it doesn't disappear completely, although it can be curbed through treatments. Hairy Cell Leukemia Pathophysiology Hairy cell leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood that will either progress very slowly or will not worsen at all. Related Blogs Understanding Blood Cancer & Its Symptoms 7 Myths and Facts about Blood Cancer What is Cancer and Its Different Types?

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Leukemia, commonly known as blood cancer, is a broad term for cancer of white blood cells. It usually starts with abnormal white blood cells in bone marrow, a cavity inside the bones that produce blood cells. White blood cells provide the first line of defense against infections from microbes, and when leukemia occurs, the ability of the body to fight infections diminishes. It is a common cancer in the young population compared to the old population. Leukemia Causes The exact reason for leukemia is unknown. However, a mix of genetic and environmental factors has been known to predispose this condition. Genetic Mutation In DNA Due To Radiation Exposure: certain mutations activate the cancer-causing oncogenes and suppress the tumor suppressor genes, leading to abnormally uncontrollable cell multiplication. Genetic Disorders: like Down's syndrome Genetics: Family history of this condition Some Viruses like HTLV-1 (human T lymphocyte virus) Benzene Exposure: benzene is found in gasoline and dyes, a potentially carcinogenic compound. Immune Deficiency factors like smoking Leukemia Symptoms extreme fatigue for longer periods excessive sweating during the night pain in muscles and bones extreme weight loss without any underlying cause swollen lymph nodes in neck and armpits petechiae or tiny pinkish spots on the skin frequent bruises frequent infections unexplained fever, chills, and body ache swelling of spleen and liver if it spreads to the brain, then seizures, frequent headaches, vomiting, and confusion are common Types of Leukemia Blood Cancer Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rare type of leukemia impacting the adult population. It occurs more commonly in men. It isn't very pleasant and occurs due to smoking and exposure to chemicals like benzene. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is most common in children under five years and adults under 40. It is common in the White population. Previous cancer treatments, radiation exposure, and genetics play a vital role in the development of ALL. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cancer develops in very old patients over 65 years of age. However, it is common in men. Philadelphia chromosome has been attributed to the formation of CML. It creates a new gene that leads to abnormal blood cells. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is most common among older adults, especially men. It causes excess and abnormal lymphocytes formation. It is again a rare condition mostly found in the white population. Other Types of Leukemia are Very Rare Like Hairy cell leukemia Lymphocytic leukemia Erythroleukemia Megakaryocytic leukemia Leukemia Diagnosis Leukemia Can Be Diagnosed Through Various Tests, Which Includes Physical Examination: After taking the patient's history, the doctor will check for cardinal signs of cancer, including palpating lymph nodes in the neck and armpits, spleen, gums, etc. If any swelling is found, other tests will be recommended. Complete Blood Count (CBC): It provides a picture of different blood cells like RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. In the case of leukemia, the cells will have dysplasia which means they will be in abnormal shape and sizes. Bone marrow Examination or Biopsy: If the CBC tests are abnormal, in Bone marrow Examination or Biopsy test doctor will take a bone marrow sample using a long needle to draw out the bone marrow sample. It will be analyzed, and leukemia will be diagnosed if there is the presence of immature white blood cells. Other Tests Which are Needed Chest X-ray Lumbar puncture to check the spread in the brain and spinal cord Computerized tomography ( CT scans) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan Cytogenetic testing Stages of Leukemia Blood Cancer Leukemia is a blood cancer that is staged differently than other tumors. Its staging is based on the number of abnormal white blood cells. Each subtype of leukemia is staged differently than others. Leukemia Treatment The treatment of leukemia varies according to the type and other factors like age or coexisting disease. The treatment starts with an intense phase to a maintenance phase running across 42 months. Common Treatment Modalities Include Bone marrow transplantation It is also known as stem cell transplantation or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Healthy stem cells are placed into the patient's body to replace cancerous cells in this treatment. A bone marrow transplant can come from your own body (autologous transplant) or another donor's body (allogeneic transplant). Chemotherapy Different chemotherapeutic medications are used to treat different types of leukemia. There might be a single or combination of different drugs that can be used to treat leukemia. Chemotherapy is the preferred treatment for AML. Immunotherapy Immunotherapy treatment uses immune cells to kill the cancerous cells. For example, chimeric antigen receptor therapy (CAR-T) Targeted therapy Targeted therapy treatment involves targeting the abnormal mutated cells directly and sparing the body's normal cells. It has been used in CML and ALL types of Leukemias. Risk Factors of Leukemia Age: leukemia affects both children and adults. However, leukemias are more common in the young population. Genetics: People having a history of leukemia in their family Radiation exposure: High ionizing radiations can cause irreversible cell damage and abnormal cell formation by DNA alteration. Smoking Status: People who smoke ( benzene exposure) are likely to develop leukemia, especially AML Chemotherapy: Chemotherapeutic drugs usage due to other cancer treatments may lead to leukemia later. Rare Genetic Diseases: Down syndrome, bloom's syndrome, and ataxia-telangiectasia can lead to leukemia. Leukemia Complications Severe infections: Leukemia compromises the ability of the body to fight infections seriously. Due to lack of healthy WBCs, the body becomes susceptible to infections like pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and various types of skin infections Serious hemorrhage: Pulmonary hemorrhage and brain hemorrhage A transition toward a more aggressive form of leukemia. Leukemia Prognosis Different factors contribute to the prognosis of leukemia, such as the stage at which it is diagnosed, spread, type of leukemia, mutations, and treatment response. The five-year survival rate of Leukemias is approximately 61%. The younger patients have a better survival rate than older ones. Leukemia Epidemiology It is the 10th most common cancer in the world. Each year there are approximately 61000 new cases in the USA. Leukemia generally happens in children. However, some types are more common among adults. Men are affected more than females, and the reason is unknown for this. Related Blogs Understanding Blood Cancer & Its Symptoms Bone Marrow Transplant - Make Your Bone Marrow Healthy Again 7 Myths and Facts about Blood Cancer What is Cancer and Its Different Types?

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Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer. It occurs in specific white blood cells known as plasma cells. These plasma cells make antibodies that help in fighting infections. They do that by recognizing and attacking germs that cause infection. In multiple myeloma, large amounts of cancer-forming plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow. It results in crowding out healthy blood cells. Associated Anatomy of Multiple Myeloma White blood cells Multiple Myeloma Causes The exact cause of multiple myeloma is not clear. However, some studies have shown that specific changes in DNA can cause plasma cells to grow excessively and become cancer-forming cells. Such genes in DNA responsible for such cell growth and cell division are called oncogenes. Studies have also shown that some cells in the bone marrow produce a chemical substance known as interleukin 6 (IL 6), which is an essential factor in the development of multiple myeloma. Multiple Myeloma Symptoms People with multiple myeloma do not usually notice any signs or symptoms at the early stage of the disease. They also vary from person to person. The most common signs and symptoms include - Nausea Bone pain Fatigue Loss of appetite or weight loss Frequent infections Stomach upset Problems with urination and other kidney-related issues Dizziness Severe thirst Multiple Myeloma Diagnosis There are varieties of tests that are usually done to confirm the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Blood and Urine Tests These tests are usually done to check the levels of M protein produced by plasma cells. They are also used for checking the levels of calcium, uric acids, the total number of blood cells, kidney function, etc. Bone marrow biopsy is done to confirm the diagnosis and check how the cells grow. Imaging Tests CT, MRI, X-ray, etc., are sometimes done to check bone damage. Stages of Multiple Myeloma Once the cancer diagnosis is confirmed, staging is done to establish the spread of cancer. The staging of multiple myeloma depends on four factors. Amount of albumin in the blood Amount of LDH Amount of beta 2 microglobulin Gene-specific abnormalities in the plasma cells Stage 1 Albumin greater than 3.5 Beta 2 microglobulin in less than 3.5 LDH levels are normal Genetic abnormalities are low risk Stage 2 neither stage 1 or stage 3 Stage 3 Beta 2 microglobulin levels are 5.5 or greater LDH levels are high Genetic abnormalities are high risk. Multiple Myeloma Treatment The treatment for multiple myeloma depends on the condition of the patients and signs and symptoms. Doctors assign the risk and stage of cancer and then determine the planned course. Chemotherapy In Chemotherapy, Doctors will give an aggressive form of medicine to help kill all the cancerous cells. They are usually given in high doses. Targeted Therapy In Targeted Therapy, These medicines target specific functions of the multiple myeloma cells that prevent them from growing. Biological Therapy In Biological Therapy, These medicines help improve the immune system, which will attack the myeloma cells. Stem Cell Transplant The depleting bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow cells, which will develop into normal plasma cells. Radiation Therapy In Radiation Therapy, Uses radiation to damage cancer cells and reduce their growth. Corticosteroids This medicine balances the immune system and reduces inflammation. Risk Factors of Multiple Myeloma Even though the exact cause is not known, a few risk factors are responsible for multiple myeloma: Age greater than 65 years Gender - More typical in men than women If you are overweight or obese. Hereditary - more common if you have a family member with multiple myeloma Contact with certain chemical substances in a factory, petroleum industry, etc. Exposure to radiation History of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) - This condition causes plasma cells to produce specific proteins. In some cases, MGUS can develop into multiple myeloma. Prevention of Multiple Myeloma Currently, there are no ways to prevent multiple myeloma. A few factors can be avoided to reduce cancer risk, such as being overweight and radiation exposure. However, there are no definitive methods or therapies that can completely prevent the occurrence of multiple myeloma. Complications of Multiple Myeloma A few possible complications of multiple myeloma may include - Frequent infections Bone problems (bone pain, reduced density of bones, and bone fractures) Low red blood cell count (causes anemia) Reduced kidney functions Epidemiology of Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma is a relatively rare cancer. It occurs at a rate of 0.7 per one lakh people. In India, an estimated 6,800 new cases occur every year. It is slightly more common in males than in females. In India, the median age is slightly lower compared to the USA, which is 52-61 years. The incidence of multiple myeloma also increases with age. More than 75 % of patients are between 55 to 85 years of age. Only a few cases occurred in patients below 20 years of age. In the USA, it is more common in African Americans. The annual percentage change of multiple myeloma in the last decade is minimal. It indicates newer and better treatment modalities. Prognosis of Multiple Myeloma The prognosis of multiple myeloma depends on the stage and other risk factors. One of the most critical factors affecting the prognosis is when the diagnosis is made. If it is late, then the prognosis is not so good. For the people who were diagnosed earlier, the survival rate is around 71 %. For those who were diagnosed at the last stages, the survival rate is around 48%. About 50 % of people who were diagnosed were alive after five years. Natural Progression of Multiple Myeloma It starts with abnormalities in plasma cells. This can naturally progress into multiple myeloma in a few years without treatment. Approximately 20 % of people die from the disease after a few years. Pathophysiology of Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma occurs due to the proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. This increased rate of division of plasma cells causes an increase in M proteins. It causes the destruction of bone, bone marrow, and normal stem cells. 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Polycythemia Vera also known as (Primary Polycythemia) is a rare chronic condition characterised by overproduction and abnormal increase in the blood cell counts. Elevated blood cell count makes blood thicker than usual and more prone to clots and also causes a decrease in the flow. This makes it harder to provide the oxygen needed to the organs, which leads to serious complications in the long run. Mostly diagnosed during routine blood tests, Polycythemia Vera is an insidious condition and can be life-threatening if left untreated. It can be managed by medical intervention and symptomatic treatment to assist the patient in leading a normal healthy lifestyle. Polycythemia Vera Causes Bone marrow is responsible for the synthesis of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Overproduction of one or more types of these blood cells in the bone marrow causes Polycythemia Vera. Majority of the cases show an increase in red blood cell count but there can also be an increase in either white blood cells or platelets. This disorder is caused by JAK2 or TET2 gene mutation which affects bone marrow activity and causes abnormal proliferation of blood cells. In most of the cases the JAK2 gene is affected. Polycythemia Vera Classification Based on the causative factor, Polycythemia can be classified as: Primary Polycythemia Also known as Polycythemia Vera, it is caused due to JAK2 gene mutation. JAK2 gene synthesises the protein responsible for production of blood cells, and a mutation in this gene leads to protein dysfunction leading to abnormal proliferation. Various hereditary factors play a role in the gene mutation. Secondary Polycythemia Factors unrelated to gene mutation such as long-term oxygen deprivation, heart lung diseases, exposure to Carbon Mono-oxide, smoking, and certain tumours releasing EPO can also cause polycythemia. Polycythemia Vera Symptoms Signs and symptoms of Polycythemia Vera include: Fatigue, headache and dizziness Loss of weight Bleeding gums Itching, redness and burning sensation of the skin especially after warm baths Blurring of vision and blind spots Night sweats Enlarged spleen causing left side abdominal fullness and pressure Breathlessness Swelling in the joints Diplopia Epistaxis Bloating, fullness and pain in the upper abdomen Tingling and numbness in hands and feet Polycythemia Vera Diagnosis A detailed medical history and physical exam is required along with charting of symptoms. Polycythemia Vera is generally diagnosed over a routine blood test called the Complete Blood count that measures hematocrit ratio, glycosylated haemoglobin, number of red and white blood cells and platelets. For advanced testing a bone marrow biopsy is done to confirm. Most of the tests are routine lab tests and do not need overnight hospitalisation. Below are the tests performed: Complete blood cell count Blood smear · Erythropoietin levels · Bone marrow biopsy · Specific gene testing In a patient with Polycythemia Vera, the following can be seen: · Hematocrit > 52% in males and > 48% in females Haemoglobin >185 g/L in males and >125% in females than the normal value. Myeloproliferative disorder on bone biopsy · Mutation of JAK2 gene. Decrease in Erythropoietin levels than normal. Polycythemia Vera Treatment Polycythemia Vera does not have a cure. The current treatment modalities are to decrease the risk of associated complications that arise with the disorder. Palliative care and symptom modulation is employed to maintain a normal lifestyle. Treatment includes managing symptoms and lifestyle changes. · Decreasing the blood volume by withdrawals Timely blood withdrawals will decrease the volume of blood and prevent complications related to clots and circulation. · Relief Itching To relieve the discomfort caused due to itching, medications such as Antihistamines and UV light treatment can be recommended. · Reduction in the number of cells Certain medications such as Interferon alfa, Ruxolitinib, Busulfan can be prescribed to decrease the number of red blood cells. · Blood thinners Polycythemia Vera increases complications related to the heart and predisposes to various issues. Low doses of Aspirin can help reduce platelet aggregation and reduce the burning sensation of the skin. · Lifestyle changes With chronic conditions such as Polycythemia Vera, lifestyle changes are instrumental in maintaining the normal functioning of the body. Regular exercise and healthy diet – Moderate level of exercise will help with the blood flow and reduce the risk of clots and improve circulation. Healthy diet will keep heart ailments at bay. Smoking cessation and avoiding tobacco – Tobacco and smoking have a vasoconstrictor action that can increase the chances of blood clots. Avoid strenuous exercise and sports – High altitudes have lower levels of oxygen. Activities such as skiing and mountain climbing can cause an oxygen deficit; hence, patients should avoid them. Cold baths – Cold can relieve itching and discomfort. Use a mild cleanser and avoid hot tubs and showers. Avoid extreme environments – Sluggish blood flow can lead to poor adaptation to sudden temperature changes. Self-Inspection – Poor circulation can cause sores on the extremities. Timely inspecting for sores or any skin abnormalities is advised. Risk Factors of Polycythemia Vera Polycythemia Vera is caused by genetic mutation, which can be hereditary or can happen without a familial connection, and can lead to serious complications based on the tendency to form clots. Various factors that increase the risk of blood clots are: Medical history suggesting clotting disorders. Old age Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Increased cholesterol levels Pregnancy Complications of Polycythemia Vera Increased viscosity of the blood can lead to blood clots and decreased flow of the blood. Clots can predispose conditions like Angina, blockage in the circulation, and deep vein thrombosis. The spleen houses damaged blood cells, filters blood and fights infections. In patients with Polycythemia Vera, Splenomegaly can be seen as it has to work twice as hard due to increased count. Polycythemia Vera can cause other blood disorders such as scar tissue formation in the bone marrow and acute cases of leukaemia. Polycythemia Vera Occurrence Polycythemia Vera affects men more than women. Women have the tendency to get the disorder at a younger age compared to men. Polycythemia Vera affects individuals of all ages but is seen in individuals over 60 years of age. Rarely seen in children and younger adults. Related Blogs Understanding Blood Cancer & Its Symptoms

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